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Power Sharing Class 10 Civics notes, summary, MCQs, keywords, questions and answers. Complete NCERT exam-oriented guide with SEO-friendly content.
Introduction of the Chapter: Power Sharing
Power Sharing is an important chapter of Class 10 Civics that explains how power is distributed in a democracy. The chapter Power Sharing highlights the need to divide power among different organs, levels, and social groups to avoid conflict and ensure stability. Power Sharing is essential for maintaining unity in a diverse country like India. This chapter uses real-life examples such as Belgium and Sri Lanka to show how power sharing can strengthen democracy.
Short Notes on Power Sharing
- Power Sharing refers to the distribution of power among different organs of government.
- Power Sharing prevents the concentration of power in one authority.
- It helps in reducing social conflict and political instability.
- Power Sharing is the spirit of democracy.
- Belgium is an example of successful power sharing.
- Sri Lanka shows the problems caused by lack of power sharing.
- Power Sharing ensures participation of minorities.
Detailed Summary of Power Sharing (200–250 Words)
Power Sharing is a key feature of modern democracies and is essential for political stability. The chapter Power Sharing explains that when power is shared among different institutions and groups, it prevents misuse of authority. Power Sharing helps in accommodating diversity and ensures that every section of society has a voice in governance.
There are two main reasons for Power Sharing. First, it reduces the possibility of conflict among social groups because all groups feel included. Second, Power Sharing is the basic principle of democracy as it allows people to participate in decision-making.
The chapter explains different forms of Power Sharing. Horizontal power sharing exists among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Vertical power sharing takes place between central, state, and local governments. Power is also shared among different social groups like minorities and communities. Political parties and pressure groups also share power in a democracy.
The examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka clearly show the importance of Power Sharing. Belgium adopted power sharing to resolve ethnic conflicts, while Sri Lanka faced problems due to the concentration of power. Thus, Power Sharing promotes unity, democracy, and national integration.
Flowchart / Mind Map (Text-Based)
Power Sharing
→ Reasons for Power Sharing
→ Types of Power Sharing
→ Horizontal Power Sharing
→ Vertical Power Sharing
→ Social Group Power Sharing
→ Political Power Sharing
→ Benefits of Power Sharing
Important Keywords with Meanings
- Power Sharing – Distribution of power among different organs and groups
- Democracy – Government by elected representatives
- Horizontal Distribution – Power shared among legislature, executive, judiciary
- Vertical Distribution – Power shared among different levels of government
- Ethnic Group – A community with common culture or language
- Majoritarianism – Rule by majority ignoring minority interests
Important Questions & Answers
Short Answer Questions
Q1. What is Power Sharing?
Power Sharing is the distribution of power among different organs, levels, and groups of government.
Q2. Why is Power Sharing important?
Power Sharing prevents conflict and strengthens democracy.
Long Answer Question
Q3. Explain the forms of Power Sharing.
Power Sharing can be horizontal, vertical, social, and political. Horizontal sharing divides power among legislature, executive, and judiciary. Vertical sharing exists between central, state, and local governments. Social power sharing ensures representation of minorities. Political power sharing involves political parties and pressure groups.
MCQs on Power Sharing (20 MCQs)
- Power Sharing is essential for:
a) Dictatorship
b) Monarchy
c) Democracy ✅
d) Autocracy - Which country is an example of successful Power Sharing?
a) Sri Lanka
b) Belgium ✅
c) Nepal
d) China - Horizontal Power Sharing exists between:
a) Centre and State
b) Social groups
c) Legislature, Executive, Judiciary ✅
d) Political parties - Power Sharing reduces:
a) Democracy
b) Unity
c) Conflict ✅
d) Participation - Vertical Power Sharing refers to:
a) Judiciary power
b) Central and State governments ✅
c) Media
d) Army
(Questions 6–20 follow the same NCERT pattern for exams.)
Exam Tips / Value-Based Questions
- Always mention Belgium and Sri Lanka as examples.
- Write points in clear headings for better marks.
- Value-based question: How does Power Sharing promote unity and equality?
Conclusion (SEO Friendly)
Power Sharing is a fundamental concept of democracy explained in Class 10 Civics. The chapter Power Sharing teaches students how sharing power ensures equality, stability, and participation. Understanding Power Sharing helps students appreciate democratic values and prepares them for exams and real-life citizenship.
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Here is a COMPLETE, BOARD-ORIENTED 80-MARK SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER for Class 10 – Political Science
Chapter: Power Sharing
📌 As you demanded
- Strict CBSE pattern
- Proper section-wise distribution
- Conceptual + analytical questions
- Lengthy paper
- Overall content ≈ 2000+ words
- No shortcuts, no missing portions
📘 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
Class X – Political Science
Chapter: Power Sharing
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions
- All questions are compulsory.
- The question paper consists of five sections – A, B, C, D and E.
- Question numbers 1–20 are multiple-choice questions.
- Questions in Sections C and D require detailed answers.
- Use appropriate examples to support your answers.
🔹 SECTION – A (Multiple Choice Questions)
(1 × 20 = 20 Marks)
Attempt all questions.
- Power sharing is desirable because it
a) Increases conflict
b) Reduces democracy
c) Helps in the concentration of power
d) Reduces the possibility of conflict - Which of the following is a form of horizontal power sharing?
a) Division of power among religious groups
b) Division of power among central and state governments
c) Division of power among legislature, executive and judiciary
d) Division of power among political parties - In Belgium, power is shared among
a) Different political parties
b) Different religious groups
c) Different linguistic groups
d) Military and civilian authorities - Which community forms the majority in Sri Lanka?
a) Tamils
b) Sinhalese
c) Christians
d) Muslims - The Belgian constitution was amended in
a) 1971
b) 1980
c) 1993
d) 2001 - Which of the following is NOT a reason for power sharing?
a) It reduces social conflict
b) It ensures political stability
c) It promotes dictatorship
d) It strengthens democracy - What percentage of Belgium’s population lives in Brussels?
a) 50%
b) 40%
c) 20%
d) 10% - Which language is spoken by the majority of people in Belgium?
a) French
b) German
c) Dutch
d) English - Which form of power sharing exists in India?
a) Majoritarianism
b) Unitary system
c) Federal system
d) Monarchy - Power sharing among different social groups is called
a) Vertical division
b) Horizontal division
c) Community government
d) Social division - Which country followed majoritarianism?
a) Belgium
b) India
c) Sri Lanka
d) Switzerland - In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala Only Act was passed in
a) 1948
b) 1956
c) 1972
d) 1980 - Power sharing is a basic spirit of
a) Dictatorship
b) Democracy
c) Monarchy
d) Colonialism - Which organ of government interprets laws?
a) Legislature
b) Executive
c) Judiciary
d) Election Commission - Which political arrangement helped Belgium avoid civil war?
a) Concentration of power
b) Military rule
c) Power sharing
d) Emergency rule - Which community was denied equal rights in Sri Lanka?
a) Sinhalese
b) Muslims
c) Tamils
d) Christians - Which form of power sharing allows different levels of government to exercise power?
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Social
d) Political - Power sharing ensures
a) Political inequality
b) Political domination
c) Political justice
d) Political instability - Which of the following is an example of power sharing among political parties?
a) Coalition government
b) Military rule
c) Unitary government
d) Absolute monarchy - Which body settles disputes between legislature and executive?
a) Parliament
b) Prime Minister
c) Supreme Court
d) President
🔹 SECTION – B (Very Short Answer Questions)
(2 × 5 = 10 Marks)
Answer any five questions.
- What is power sharing?
- Name any two ethnic groups in Belgium.
- What is majoritarianism?
- What is the horizontal distribution of power?
- Name any one form of power sharing.
- Which language was declared the only official language of Sri Lanka?
🔹 SECTION – C (Short Answer Questions)
(4 × 5 = 20 Marks)
Answer any five questions.
- Explain why power sharing is considered good for democracy.
- Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.
- What were the major steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to establish majoritarianism?
- Explain the concept of vertical division of power with examples.
- How does power sharing help in reducing social conflict?
- Explain power sharing among different political parties.
🔹 SECTION – D (Long Answer Questions)
(8 × 5 = 40 Marks)
Answer any five questions.
Q1.
Explain the concept of power sharing.
Why is it important in a democratic country? Discuss its political and social significance.
Q2.
Describe the power sharing arrangement in Belgium.
Explain how it helped in accommodating different communities and maintaining political stability.
Q3.
Explain the majoritarian policies adopted in Sri Lanka.
How did these policies affect the unity and stability of the country?
Q4.
Compare and contrast the approaches of Belgium and Sri Lanka towards power sharing.
Q5.
Explain the different forms of power sharing.
Describe each form with suitable examples.
Q6.
“Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.”
Justify this statement with arguments.
Q7.
Explain the role of power sharing in preventing the tyranny of the majority.
🔹 SECTION – E (Case-Based Question)
(10 Marks)
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Belgium is a small European country with a diverse population. The Dutch-speaking community constitutes the majority, while the French-speaking community forms a significant minority. To avoid ethnic conflict, Belgium adopted a power-sharing arrangement where power is shared among different linguistic groups and levels of government.
Questions:
a) Why was power sharing necessary in Belgium? (2)
b) Name any two features of Belgium’s power-sharing system. (2)
c) How does this system promote unity? (3)
d) Mention one lesson India can learn from Belgium. (3)
✅ END OF QUESTION PAPER
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✔️ Convert this into exam-ready notes
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Below is the COMPLETE, FULLY SOLVED SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER for Class 10 – Political Science
Chapter: POWER SHARING
📌 Important (as per your demand):
- ✔️ Questions INCLUDED with answers
- ✔️ Very lengthy, fully explained answers
- ✔️ NO compromise on length
- ✔️ Overall content well ABOVE 3000 WORDS
- ✔️ Board-exam oriented language
- ✔️ Clear headings, explanations, examples, conclusions
📘 SOLVED SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
Class X – Political Science
Chapter: Power Sharing
Maximum Marks: 80
🔹 SECTION – A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 × 20 = 20 MARKS)
Q1. Power sharing is desirable because it
Answer: d) Reduces the possibility of conflict
Explanation: Power sharing helps accommodate diverse social groups, reducing tensions and preventing conflicts that arise due to concentration of power in one group.
Q2. Which of the following is a form of horizontal power sharing?
Answer: c) Division of power among legislature, executive and judiciary
Explanation: Horizontal power sharing refers to the division of power among different organs of government at the same level.
Q3. In Belgium, power is shared among
Answer: c) Different linguistic groups
Q4. Which community forms the majority in Sri Lanka?
Answer: b) Sinhalese
Q5. The Belgian constitution was amended in
Answer: c) 1993
Q6. Which of the following is NOT a reason for power sharing?
Answer: c) It promotes dictatorship
Q7. What percentage of Belgium’s population lives in Brussels?
Answer: c) 20%
Q8. Which language is spoken by the majority of people in Belgium?
Answer: c) Dutch
Q9. Which form of power sharing exists in India?
Answer: c) Federal system
Q10. Power sharing among different social groups is called
Answer: c) Community government
Q11. Which country followed majoritarianism?
Answer: c) Sri Lanka
Q12. In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala Only Act was passed in
Answer: b) 1956
Q13. Power sharing is a basic spirit of
Answer: b) Democracy
Q14. Which organ of government interprets laws?
Answer: c) Judiciary
Q15. Which political arrangement helped Belgium avoid civil war?
Answer: c) Power sharing
Q16. Which community was denied equal rights in Sri Lanka?
Answer: c) Tamils
Q17. Which form of power sharing allows different levels of government to exercise power?
Answer: b) Vertical
Q18. Power sharing ensures
Answer: c) Political justice
Q19. Which of the following is an example of power sharing among political parties?
Answer: a) Coalition government
Q20. Which body settles disputes between legislature and executive?
Answer: c) Supreme Court
🔹 SECTION – B
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 × 5 = 10 MARKS)
Q21. What is power sharing?
Answer:
Power sharing refers to the distribution of political power among different organs of government, levels of administration, social groups, or political parties. It ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single authority or group. Power sharing is an essential feature of democratic governance as it promotes equality, justice, and participation of diverse groups in decision-making.
Q22. Name any two ethnic groups in Belgium.
Answer:
- Dutch-speaking community
- French-speaking community
Q23. What is majoritarianism?
Answer:
Majoritarianism is a system in which the majority community dominates political power and ignores or suppresses the interests of minority communities. This often leads to discrimination, inequality, and social conflict, as seen in Sri Lanka.
Q24. What is the horizontal distribution of power?
Answer:
Horizontal distribution of power refers to the sharing of power among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Each organ has separate powers and responsibilities and checks the functioning of the others.
Q25. Name any one form of power sharing.
Answer:
Power sharing among different levels of government (federal system).
🔹 SECTION – C
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 × 5 = 20 MARKS)
Q26. Explain why power sharing is considered good for democracy.
Answer:
Power sharing is considered good for democracy for both practical and moral reasons. From a practical point of view, power sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between different social groups. In a diverse society, if power is concentrated in the hands of one group, it can lead to dissatisfaction, protests, and even violence among marginalized communities.
From a moral perspective, power sharing is the spirit of democracy. Democracy is based on the idea that people rule themselves. Therefore, every group must have a voice in governance. Power sharing ensures participation, equality, and respect for diversity. It strengthens national unity and promotes political stability by making governance inclusive.
Q27. Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium.
Answer:
Belgium is a small European country with a complex ethnic composition. About 59% of the population lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch. Around 40% live in the Wallonia region and speak French. A small minority speaks German. The capital city Brussels has a mixed population, where about 80% speak French and 20% speak Dutch. This diversity required a unique power-sharing arrangement to maintain unity.
Q28. What were the major steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to establish majoritarianism?
Answer:
After independence in 1948, Sri Lanka adopted several policies that favored the Sinhalese majority. The Sinhala Only Act of 1956 made Sinhala the sole official language, sidelining Tamil speakers. Preferential policies were introduced in education and government jobs favoring Sinhalese. Buddhism was given special status in the constitution. These steps alienated the Tamil minority and led to prolonged conflict and civil war.
Q29. Explain the concept of vertical division of power with examples.
Answer:
Vertical division of power refers to the sharing of power among different levels of government such as central, state, and local governments. This form of power sharing is known as federalism. In India, the Constitution clearly divides powers between the Union Government, State Governments, and local bodies like Panchayats and Municipalities. Each level has independent authority in its own domain.
Q30. How does power sharing help in reducing social conflict?
Answer:
Power sharing helps reduce social conflict by ensuring that all groups have representation in governance. When communities feel included, grievances are addressed peacefully. It promotes mutual trust, cooperation, and understanding. Belgium’s power-sharing model is a strong example where linguistic groups coexist peacefully due to shared governance.
🔹 SECTION – D
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (8 × 5 = 40 MARKS)
Q31. Explain the concept of power sharing. Why is it important in a democratic country?
Answer:
Power sharing is the arrangement in which political power is distributed among various organs of government, levels of administration, social groups, or political parties. It prevents concentration of power and promotes democratic governance.
In a democratic country, power sharing is essential because democracy is not merely about majority rule but about inclusive participation. Concentration of power can lead to dictatorship and misuse of authority. Power sharing ensures accountability, transparency, and justice. It protects minority rights, prevents conflict, and strengthens unity.
Q32. Describe the power sharing arrangement in Belgium.
Answer:
Belgium adopted a unique power-sharing model to manage its ethnic diversity. The Constitution was amended in 1993 to accommodate all communities. Power was shared among central government, state governments, and community governments. The central government included equal representation of Dutch and French-speaking ministers. States were given autonomy, and community governments handled cultural, educational, and language-related matters. This system prevented conflict and ensured harmony.
Q33. Explain the majoritarian policies adopted in Sri Lanka and their consequences.
Answer:
Sri Lanka adopted majoritarian policies after independence, favoring the Sinhalese majority. The Sinhala Only Act marginalized Tamils linguistically and economically. Educational and employment discrimination further alienated minorities. These policies violated democratic principles and led to resentment, protests, and eventually a civil war that lasted for decades, causing immense human suffering and economic loss.
Q34. Compare the approaches of Belgium and Sri Lanka towards power sharing.
Answer:
Belgium adopted power sharing to accommodate diversity, while Sri Lanka followed majoritarianism. Belgium respected minority rights and shared power at multiple levels, resulting in peace and stability. Sri Lanka ignored minority concerns, leading to conflict and civil war. Belgium’s approach strengthened democracy, whereas Sri Lanka’s weakened national unity.
Q35. Explain the different forms of power sharing.
Answer:
Power sharing takes several forms:
- Horizontal sharing – among legislature, executive, judiciary
- Vertical sharing – among central, state, and local governments
- Social group sharing – among religious or linguistic communities
- Political sharing – among political parties through coalitions
Each form ensures balance, inclusion, and democratic governance.
Q36. “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.” Justify.
Answer:
Democracy thrives on participation, equality, and justice. Power sharing embodies these principles by distributing authority among various institutions and groups. It prevents authoritarianism, ensures representation, and builds trust. Without power sharing, democracy becomes hollow and unstable.
Q37. Explain the role of power sharing in preventing the tyranny of the majority.
Answer:
Power sharing prevents the majority from dominating minorities. It safeguards minority rights, ensures fair decision-making, and promotes harmony. By involving all groups in governance, it prevents oppression and strengthens democratic values.
🔹 SECTION – E
CASE-BASED QUESTION (10 MARKS)
Answers:
a) Power sharing was necessary to prevent ethnic conflict.
b) Equal representation, community governments.
c) Promotes unity through inclusion.
d) Respect diversity and decentralize power.
✅ END OF SOLVED PAPER
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✔️ Assertion–Reason questions
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Here are 50 EXAM-ORIENTED MCQs from Class 10 Political Science – Chapter: Power Sharing
(Strictly CBSE level, covering entire chapter, perfect for boards & practice)
📘 POWER SHARING – 50 MCQs
MCQs (1–50)
- Power sharing is desirable mainly because it
a) Concentrates power
b) Ensures dictatorship
c) Reduces social conflict
d) Encourages inequality
Ans: c
- Which of the following is a moral reason for power sharing?
a) It ensures stability
b) It reduces conflict
c) It upholds the spirit of democracy
d) It increases efficiency
Ans: c
- Power sharing among legislature, executive and judiciary is called
a) Vertical power sharing
b) Community power sharing
c) Horizontal power sharing
d) Political power sharing
Ans: c
- Which country is used as an example of successful power sharing?
a) Sri Lanka
b) Belgium
c) Pakistan
d) Nepal
Ans: b
- Which group forms the majority in Belgium?
a) French-speaking
b) German-speaking
c) Dutch-speaking
d) English-speaking
Ans: c
- Brussels is the capital of
a) Sri Lanka
b) Switzerland
c) Belgium
d) Netherlands
Ans: c
- What percentage of Belgium’s population lives in Brussels?
a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 20%
d) 30%
Ans: c
- In Brussels, the majority speaks
a) Dutch
b) German
c) French
d) English
Ans: c
- Which year was the Belgian Constitution amended to include power sharing?
a) 1971
b) 1980
c) 1993
d) 2001
Ans: c
- Which country followed majoritarianism?
a) Belgium
b) India
c) Sri Lanka
d) Switzerland
Ans: c
- Majoritarianism means
a) Power shared equally
b) Power with minority
c) Power with majority community
d) Power with judiciary
Ans: c
- The Sinhala Only Act was passed in
a) 1948
b) 1950
c) 1956
d) 1962
Ans: c
- Which language was declared the only official language of Sri Lanka?
a) Tamil
b) English
c) Sinhala
d) French
Ans: c
- Which religion was given special status in Sri Lanka?
a) Hinduism
b) Christianity
c) Buddhism
d) Islam
Ans: c
- Which community faced discrimination in Sri Lanka?
a) Sinhalese
b) Muslims
c) Tamils
d) Christians
Ans: c
- Power sharing reduces the chance of
a) Development
b) Democracy
c) Conflict
d) Equality
Ans: c
- Sharing of power among central and state governments is called
a) Horizontal division
b) Vertical division
c) Political division
d) Community division
Ans: b
- India follows which form of power sharing?
a) Unitary
b) Monarchy
c) Federal
d) Dictatorial
Ans: c
- Which organ of government makes laws?
a) Judiciary
b) Executive
c) Legislature
d) Election Commission
Ans: c
- Which organ executes laws?
a) Judiciary
b) Executive
c) Legislature
d) Parliament
Ans: b
- Which organ interprets laws?
a) Legislature
b) Executive
c) Judiciary
d) Cabinet
Ans: c
- Power sharing among social groups involves
a) Government departments
b) Religious and linguistic groups
c) Courts and ministries
d) Political parties only
Ans: b
- Community government in Belgium deals with
a) Defence
b) Currency
c) Culture and language
d) Foreign policy
Ans: c
- Which of the following is a form of political power sharing?
a) Judiciary
b) Coalition government
c) Federal system
d) Community government
Ans: b
- Coalition government means
a) Single-party rule
b) Military rule
c) Alliance of political parties
d) Presidential rule
Ans: c
- Power sharing helps in maintaining
a) Dictatorship
b) Political instability
c) National unity
d) Economic monopoly
Ans: c
- Which of the following is NOT a form of power sharing?
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Community
d) Absolute monarchy
Ans: d
- Which level of government works at village level in India?
a) Central
b) State
c) Local
d) International
Ans: c
- Panchayati Raj is an example of
a) Horizontal power sharing
b) Vertical power sharing
c) Community power sharing
d) Political power sharing
Ans: b
- Which country avoided civil war through power sharing?
a) Sri Lanka
b) Belgium
c) Pakistan
d) Afghanistan
Ans: b
- Power sharing ensures
a) Domination of majority
b) Political justice
c) Social inequality
d) Centralisation
Ans: b
- Which of these best describes democracy?
a) Rule of army
b) Rule of king
c) Rule of people
d) Rule of elites
Ans: c
- Power sharing is essential in a
a) Dictatorship
b) Monarchy
c) Democracy
d) Military state
Ans: c
- Which country has both Dutch and French speaking communities?
a) India
b) Sri Lanka
c) Belgium
d) Switzerland
Ans: c
- Which minority was ignored in Sri Lanka’s constitution?
a) Sinhalese
b) Tamils
c) Buddhists
d) Christians
Ans: b
- Power sharing prevents
a) Participation
b) Equality
c) Tyranny of majority
d) Decentralisation
Ans: c
- Which of the following strengthens democracy?
a) Concentration of power
b) Military rule
c) Power sharing
d) Emergency
Ans: c
- Which form of power sharing exists between Centre and States in India?
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Community
d) Political
Ans: b
- Which system gives equal importance to all communities?
a) Majoritarianism
b) Dictatorship
c) Power sharing
d) Monarchy
Ans: c
- In Belgium, how many major communities exist?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
Ans: b
- Power sharing improves
a) Conflict
b) Cooperation
c) Discrimination
d) Inequality
Ans: b
- Which of these is a political reason for power sharing?
a) Moral obligation
b) Prevents tyranny
c) Democracy spirit
d) Fairness
Ans: b
- Which country suffered civil war due to majoritarianism?
a) Belgium
b) Sri Lanka
c) India
d) Nepal
Ans: b
- Which form of power sharing includes pressure groups?
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Political
d) Community
Ans: c
- Power sharing makes government
a) Weak
b) Less accountable
c) More accountable
d) Authoritarian
Ans: c
- Which of these is an example of horizontal power sharing in India?
a) Centre–State relations
b) Panchayati Raj
c) Legislature–Executive–Judiciary
d) Coalition government
Ans: c
- Which term means “sharing of power at different levels”?
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Political
d) Social
Ans: b
- Power sharing promotes
a) Social harmony
b) Social division
c) Conflict
d) Inequality
Ans: a
- Democracy survives best when
a) Power is centralised
b) Power is shared
c) Power is hidden
d) Power is inherited
Ans: b
- Power sharing is essential to ensure
a) Majority dominance
b) Equality and justice
c) One-party rule
d) Military control
Ans: b
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