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9-10th Class Competitive Exam

Tissue Notes In Easy Words

Afifa Asad 0

1. Introduction to Tissues

The term tissue refers to a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. In unicellular organisms, a single cell performs all life processes. However, in multicellular organisms, different groups of cells specialize in particular tasks. This specialization leads to division of labour, increasing efficiency and survival.

The study of tissues is called Histology. In plants and animals, tissues differ significantly because plants are stationary and need supportive tissues, while animals are mobile and require specialized tissues for movement and coordination.

🌿 PLANT TISSUES

Plants show continuous growth due to the presence of meristematic tissue. Plant tissues are broadly classified into:

  1. Meristematic Tissue
  2. Permanent Tissue

2. Meristematic Tissue

Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells. These cells are small, with dense cytoplasm, thin cell walls, prominent nucleus, and little or no vacuole.

Characteristics:

  • Cells divide continuously.
  • No intercellular spaces.
  • Thin primary cell wall.
  • Large nucleus.

Types of Meristematic Tissue

(A) Apical Meristem

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  • Located at the tips of roots and shoots.
  • Responsible for increase in length (primary growth).

(B) Intercalary Meristem

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  • Present at nodes or base of leaves.
  • Helps in regrowth (e.g., grasses after grazing).

(C) Lateral Meristem

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  • Present along the sides of stems and roots.
  • Responsible for increase in girth (secondary growth).
  • Example: Cambium.

3. Permanent Tissue

Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and lose their ability to divide.

Types:

  1. Simple Permanent Tissue
  2. Complex Permanent Tissue
  3. Protective Tissue

4. Simple Permanent Tissue

Made of one type of cells.

(A) Parenchyma

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  • Living cells with thin walls.
  • Large vacuole.
  • Store food.
  • Variations:
    • Chlorenchyma (photosynthesis)
    • Aerenchyma (air spaces for buoyancy)

(B) Collenchyma

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  • Living cells.
  • Uneven thickening at corners.
  • Provides flexibility and support.

(C) Sclerenchyma

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  • Dead cells.
  • Thick lignified walls.
  • Provide strength.
  • Types: Fibres and Sclereids.

5. Complex Permanent Tissue

Made of more than one type of cells.

(A) Xylem

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Function: Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.

Components:

  • Tracheids
  • Vessels
  • Xylem fibres
  • Xylem parenchyma

(B) Phloem

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Function: Transport food from leaves to other parts.

Components:

  • Sieve tubes
  • Companion cells
  • Phloem fibres
  • Phloem parenchyma

6. Protective Tissues

(A) Epidermis

  • Outer protective layer.
  • Prevents water loss.
  • Has stomata for gas exchange.

(B) Cork

  • Dead cells.
  • Waterproof due to suberin.

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES

Animal tissues are classified into:

  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscular Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue

7. Epithelial Tissue

Forms outer covering and inner lining.

Types:

(A) Squamous Epithelium

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  • Thin, flat cells.
  • Found in lungs and blood vessels.

(B) Cuboidal Epithelium

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  • Cube-shaped cells.
  • Found in kidney tubules.

(C) Columnar Epithelium

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  • Tall cells.
  • Found in stomach and intestine.

(D) Ciliated Epithelium

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  • Has cilia.
  • Moves mucus and particles.

(E) Glandular Epithelium

  • Secretes enzymes and hormones.

8. Connective Tissue

Supports and connects tissues.

Types:

(A) Areolar Tissue

  • Fills spaces between organs.

(B) Adipose Tissue

  • Stores fat.

(C) Bone

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  • Hard due to calcium salts.
  • Supports body.

(D) Cartilage

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  • Flexible.
  • Present in nose and ear.

(E) Blood

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  • Fluid connective tissue.
  • Transports oxygen and nutrients.

9. Muscular Tissue

Responsible for movement.

Types:

(A) Striated Muscle

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  • Voluntary.
  • Attached to bones.

(B) Smooth Muscle

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  • Involuntary.
  • Found in stomach, intestine.

(C) Cardiac Muscle

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  • Found in heart.
  • Involuntary and rhythmic.

10. Nervous Tissue

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  • Made of neurons.
  • Transmits impulses.
  • Coordinates body activities.

11. Differences Between Plant and Animal Tissues

Plant TissueAnimal Tissue
Growth throughout lifeGrowth stops after maturity
More supportive tissuesMore muscular & nervous tissues
Cell wall presentNo cell wall
Less specializationMore specialization

12. Importance of Tissues

  • Division of labour
  • Efficient functioning
  • Growth and repair
  • Structural support
  • Transportation
  • Movement and coordination

13. Summary

Tissues form the structural and functional organization of multicellular organisms. Plant tissues focus mainly on growth, support, and transport, while animal tissues specialize in protection, movement, and coordination. Understanding tissues helps in medicine, agriculture, and biology research.

🧬 TISSUES – 100 MCQs

🌿 PLANT TISSUES (1–50)

1. Tissue is a group of
A) Different cells
B) Similar cells
C) Organs
D) Organ systems
Answer: B

2. The study of tissues is called
A) Cytology
B) Morphology
C) Histology
D) Anatomy
Answer: C

3. Growth in plants occurs due to
A) Permanent tissue
B) Meristematic tissue
C) Xylem
D) Phloem
Answer: B

4. Apical meristem is present at
A) Middle of stem
B) Root and shoot tips
C) Leaves
D) Flowers
Answer: B

5. Lateral meristem helps in
A) Increase in length
B) Photosynthesis
C) Increase in girth
D) Transport
Answer: C

6. Intercalary meristem is found in
A) Roots
B) Nodes
C) Leaves only
D) Flowers
Answer: B

7. Cells of meristematic tissue are
A) Dead
B) Large vacuolated
C) Actively dividing
D) Thick-walled
Answer: C

8. Parenchyma cells are
A) Dead
B) Living
C) Lignified
D) Without nucleus
Answer: B

9. Aerenchyma helps in
A) Photosynthesis
B) Storage
C) Buoyancy
D) Transport
Answer: C

10. Collenchyma provides
A) Food
B) Flexibility
C) Water
D) Hormones
Answer: B

11. Thickening in collenchyma occurs at
A) Centre
B) Corners
C) Nucleus
D) Vacuole
Answer: B

12. Sclerenchyma cells are
A) Living
B) Thin-walled
C) Dead
D) Without lignin
Answer: C

13. Hard covering of coconut is made of
A) Parenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Phloem
Answer: C

14. Xylem transports
A) Food
B) Water
C) Hormones
D) Oxygen
Answer: B

15. Phloem transports
A) Water
B) Minerals
C) Food
D) Oxygen
Answer: C

16. Tracheids are part of
A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Epidermis
D) Cork
Answer: B

17. Sieve tubes are found in
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Cambium
D) Cortex
Answer: B

18. Epidermis prevents
A) Photosynthesis
B) Water loss
C) Respiration
D) Growth
Answer: B

19. Cork contains
A) Suberin
B) Chlorophyll
C) Hemoglobin
D) Keratin
Answer: A

20. Chlorenchyma performs
A) Respiration
B) Photosynthesis
C) Transport
D) Storage
Answer: B

21. Cambium is a
A) Permanent tissue
B) Meristematic tissue
C) Complex tissue
D) Protective tissue
Answer: B

22. Xylem fibres provide
A) Transport
B) Support
C) Storage
D) Growth
Answer: B

23. Companion cells are associated with
A) Tracheids
B) Vessels
C) Sieve tubes
D) Fibres
Answer: C

24. Simple permanent tissue includes
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Parenchyma
D) Cambium
Answer: C

25. Complex tissue contains
A) One type of cells
B) Many types of cells
C) Dead cells only
D) Living cells only
Answer: B

26. Lignin provides
A) Flexibility
B) Strength
C) Transport
D) Storage
Answer: B

27. Phloem fibres are
A) Living
B) Dead
C) Vacuolated
D) Thin-walled
Answer: B

28. Stomata are found in
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Epidermis
D) Cambium
Answer: C

29. Parenchyma stores
A) Food
B) Oxygen
C) Blood
D) Hormones
Answer: A

30. Meristematic cells lack
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Vacuole
D) Cell wall
Answer: C

31. Secondary growth increases
A) Length
B) Girth
C) Height
D) Leaves
Answer: B

32. Vessels are present in
A) Xylem
B) Phloem
C) Epidermis
D) Cortex
Answer: A

33. Leucoplast stores
A) Water
B) Pigments
C) Food
D) Hormones
Answer: C

34. Chromoplast gives
A) Green colour
B) Red/Yellow colour
C) Blue colour
D) Black colour
Answer: B

35. Permanent tissues lose ability to
A) Respire
B) Divide
C) Grow
D) Transport
Answer: B

36. Sclereids are
A) Long fibres
B) Stone cells
C) Living cells
D) Thin-walled
Answer: B

37. Xylem parenchyma is
A) Living
B) Dead
C) Lignified
D) Thick-walled
Answer: A

38. Which is protective tissue?
A) Phloem
B) Cork
C) Xylem
D) Cambium
Answer: B

39. Food transport in plants is called
A) Transpiration
B) Translocation
C) Diffusion
D) Respiration
Answer: B

40. Parenchyma with chloroplast is
A) Aerenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Chlorenchyma
D) Sclerenchyma
Answer: C

41. Cells with air cavities are
A) Collenchyma
B) Aerenchyma
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Phloem
Answer: B

42. Root cap protects
A) Leaves
B) Stem
C) Root tip
D) Flower
Answer: C

43. Which tissue gives flexibility?
A) Collenchyma
B) Sclerenchyma
C) Xylem
D) Cork
Answer: A

44. Which is dead tissue?
A) Parenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Sclerenchyma
D) Cambium
Answer: C

45. Complex tissue includes
A) Collenchyma
B) Parenchyma
C) Xylem
D) Aerenchyma
Answer: C

46. Intercalary meristem helps in
A) Repair
B) Regrowth
C) Transport
D) Storage
Answer: B

47. Epidermal cells are covered with
A) Cutin
B) Suberin
C) Lignin
D) Keratin
Answer: A

48. Which tissue transports minerals?
A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Epidermis
D) Cork
Answer: B

49. Phloem parenchyma is
A) Dead
B) Living
C) Lignified
D) Absent
Answer: B

50. Cambium produces
A) Leaves
B) Flowers
C) Secondary tissues
D) Seeds
Answer: C

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES (51–100)

51. Animal tissues are of
A) 2 types
B) 3 types
C) 4 types
D) 5 types
Answer: C

52. Epithelial tissue covers
A) Bones
B) Muscles
C) Body surface
D) Blood
Answer: C

53. Squamous epithelium is
A) Cube-shaped
B) Flat
C) Column-shaped
D) Spindle-shaped
Answer: B

54. Cuboidal epithelium is found in
A) Lungs
B) Kidney tubules
C) Heart
D) Brain
Answer: B

55. Columnar epithelium is found in
A) Stomach
B) Bones
C) Heart
D) Blood
Answer: A

56. Cilia help in
A) Digestion
B) Movement of mucus
C) Circulation
D) Growth
Answer: B

57. Glandular epithelium secretes
A) Oxygen
B) Hormones
C) Water
D) Blood
Answer: B

58. Areolar tissue connects
A) Bones
B) Muscles
C) Skin to muscles
D) Brain
Answer: C

59. Adipose tissue stores
A) Water
B) Protein
C) Fat
D) Oxygen
Answer: C

60. Bone is
A) Fluid
B) Hard connective tissue
C) Muscle
D) Epithelium
Answer: B

61. Cartilage is present in
A) Ear
B) Liver
C) Kidney
D) Brain
Answer: A

62. Blood is
A) Epithelial
B) Muscular
C) Connective
D) Nervous
Answer: C

63. RBC carries
A) CO₂ only
B) Oxygen
C) Hormones
D) Enzymes
Answer: B

64. WBC helps in
A) Digestion
B) Immunity
C) Growth
D) Respiration
Answer: B

65. Platelets help in
A) Respiration
B) Circulation
C) Clotting
D) Digestion
Answer: C

66. Striated muscles are
A) Involuntary
B) Voluntary
C) Rhythmic
D) Smooth
Answer: B

67. Smooth muscles are found in
A) Arms
B) Legs
C) Stomach
D) Face
Answer: C

68. Cardiac muscles are found in
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Kidney
D) Skin
Answer: B

69. Cardiac muscles are
A) Voluntary
B) Involuntary
C) Smooth only
D) Long and cylindrical
Answer: B

70. Neuron is unit of
A) Muscle
B) Blood
C) Nerve
D) Bone
Answer: C

71. Dendrites receive
A) Blood
B) Impulses
C) Oxygen
D) Hormones
Answer: B

72. Axon carries impulse
A) Toward cell body
B) Away from cell body
C) To nucleus
D) To ribosome
Answer: B

73. Nervous tissue helps in
A) Movement
B) Support
C) Coordination
D) Storage
Answer: C

74. Osteocytes are cells of
A) Cartilage
B) Bone
C) Blood
D) Muscle
Answer: B

75. Chondrocytes are cells of
A) Bone
B) Cartilage
C) Blood
D) Muscle
Answer: B

76. Connective tissue matrix is
A) Solid
B) Fluid
C) Semi-solid
D) All of these
Answer: D

77. Tendons connect
A) Bone to bone
B) Muscle to bone
C) Muscle to muscle
D) Bone to skin
Answer: B

78. Ligaments connect
A) Bone to bone
B) Muscle to bone
C) Muscle to muscle
D) Nerve to muscle
Answer: A

79. Smooth muscle cells are
A) Cylindrical
B) Spindle-shaped
C) Branched
D) Round
Answer: B

80. Striations are absent in
A) Skeletal muscle
B) Cardiac muscle
C) Smooth muscle
D) All muscles
Answer: C

81. Intercalated discs are found in
A) Skeletal muscle
B) Smooth muscle
C) Cardiac muscle
D) Nerve
Answer: C

82. Epithelium lacks
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Blood vessels
D) Cell membrane
Answer: C

83. Which tissue has least intercellular space?
A) Connective
B) Epithelial
C) Blood
D) Bone
Answer: B

84. Plasma is
A) RBC
B) Fluid part of blood
C) WBC
D) Platelet
Answer: B

85. Muscles responsible for facial expression are
A) Smooth
B) Cardiac
C) Striated
D) Nervous
Answer: C

86. Voluntary muscles are controlled by
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Kidney
D) Liver
Answer: A

87. Insulation in body is provided by
A) Bone
B) Blood
C) Adipose tissue
D) Cartilage
Answer: C

88. Elastic cartilage is found in
A) Nose
B) Ear
C) Knee
D) Skull
Answer: B

89. Skeletal muscle is attached to
A) Skin
B) Bone
C) Cartilage
D) Nerve
Answer: B

90. Functional unit of nervous system is
A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Neuron
D) Synapse
Answer: C

91. Which tissue heals fastest?
A) Bone
B) Muscle
C) Epithelial
D) Nerve
Answer: C

92. Cardiac muscle is
A) Branched
B) Spindle-shaped
C) Non-striated
D) Long cylindrical
Answer: A

93. RBC lacks
A) Cytoplasm
B) Nucleus
C) Membrane
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: B

94. Largest connective tissue is
A) Blood
B) Bone
C) Cartilage
D) Tendon
Answer: B

95. Movement of body is due to
A) Bone
B) Muscle
C) Blood
D) Nerve
Answer: B

96. Reflex action involves
A) Muscle only
B) Nerve only
C) Nervous tissue
D) Bone
Answer: C

97. Matrix of bone contains
A) Hemoglobin
B) Calcium salts
C) Chlorophyll
D) Keratin
Answer: B

98. Tissue responsible for secretion is
A) Glandular epithelium
B) Squamous
C) Smooth muscle
D) Bone
Answer: A

99. Transport of gases occurs through
A) Blood
B) Bone
C) Cartilage
D) Adipose
Answer: A

100. Division of labour is seen in
A) Unicellular organisms
B) Multicellular organisms
C) Viruses
D) Bacteria only
Answer: B

🧬 TISSUES – 50 Assertion–Reason Questions

A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.

🌿 PLANT TISSUES (1–25)

1.
A: Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth in plants.
R: Their cells actively divide.
Answer: A

2.
A: Apical meristem increases the girth of the plant.
R: It is present at the tips of roots and shoots.
Answer: D

3.
A: Lateral meristem helps in secondary growth.
R: It increases the thickness of stems and roots.
Answer: A

4.
A: Intercalary meristem helps grasses regrow after grazing.
R: It is present at the nodes.
Answer: A

5.
A: Permanent tissues have lost the ability to divide.
R: They are formed from meristematic tissue.
Answer: B

6.
A: Parenchyma cells are dead.
R: They have thin cell walls.
Answer: D

7.
A: Aerenchyma helps aquatic plants float.
R: It contains large air cavities.
Answer: A

8.
A: Collenchyma provides flexibility to plants.
R: Its cells have uneven thickening at the corners.
Answer: A

9.
A: Sclerenchyma cells are living at maturity.
R: They have thick lignified walls.
Answer: D

10.
A: Xylem transports food in plants.
R: It carries water and minerals upward.
Answer: D

11.
A: Phloem transports food in plants.
R: It contains sieve tubes and companion cells.
Answer: B

12.
A: Epidermis protects plant parts.
R: It prevents excessive water loss.
Answer: A

13.
A: Cork cells are impermeable to water.
R: They contain suberin in their walls.
Answer: A

14.
A: Complex tissues consist of more than one type of cell.
R: Xylem and phloem are examples of complex tissues.
Answer: B

15.
A: Chlorenchyma performs photosynthesis.
R: It contains chloroplasts.
Answer: A

16.
A: Cambium is a permanent tissue.
R: It produces secondary tissues.
Answer: D

17.
A: Sclerenchyma provides mechanical strength.
R: Its cells are thick-walled and lignified.
Answer: A

18.
A: Phloem fibres are living cells.
R: They provide strength.
Answer: D

19.
A: Meristematic cells have large vacuoles.
R: They are actively dividing cells.
Answer: D

20.
A: Xylem parenchyma is living.
R: It helps in storage of food.
Answer: A

21.
A: Secondary growth is due to lateral meristem.
R: It increases the diameter of stem.
Answer: A

22.
A: Stomata are present in epidermis.
R: They help in gaseous exchange.
Answer: A

23.
A: Sieve tubes lack nucleus at maturity.
R: They help in food transport.
Answer: B

24.
A: Parenchyma cells have intercellular spaces.
R: They help in gaseous exchange.
Answer: A

25.
A: Xylem fibres help in transport of water.
R: They provide support.
Answer: D

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES (26–50)

26.
A: Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces.
R: Its cells are tightly packed.
Answer: A

27.
A: Squamous epithelium is suitable for diffusion.
R: It is thin and flat.
Answer: A

28.
A: Cuboidal epithelium is found in kidney tubules.
R: It helps in secretion and absorption.
Answer: A

29.
A: Ciliated epithelium moves mucus.
R: It has hair-like projections called cilia.
Answer: A

30.
A: Glandular epithelium performs secretion.
R: It produces enzymes and hormones.
Answer: A

31.
A: Connective tissue has abundant intercellular matrix.
R: It connects different body parts.
Answer: B

32.
A: Bone is a hard connective tissue.
R: Its matrix contains calcium salts.
Answer: A

33.
A: Cartilage is harder than bone.
R: It contains chondrocytes.
Answer: D

34.
A: Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
R: It transports substances throughout the body.
Answer: A

35.
A: RBCs contain hemoglobin.
R: Hemoglobin carries oxygen.
Answer: A

36.
A: WBCs help in immunity.
R: They fight infections.
Answer: A

37.
A: Platelets help in blood clotting.
R: They prevent excessive bleeding.
Answer: A

38.
A: Tendons connect bone to bone.
R: They are strong and fibrous.
Answer: D

39.
A: Ligaments connect bone to bone.
R: They are elastic.
Answer: A

40.
A: Striated muscles are voluntary.
R: They are attached to bones.
Answer: A

41.
A: Smooth muscles are involuntary.
R: They are found in internal organs.
Answer: A

42.
A: Cardiac muscles are branched.
R: They are found only in the heart.
Answer: B

43.
A: Cardiac muscles work throughout life without fatigue.
R: They are involuntary muscles.
Answer: B

44.
A: Nervous tissue is made up of neurons.
R: Neurons transmit impulses.
Answer: A

45.
A: Axon carries impulse away from cell body.
R: Dendrites receive impulses.
Answer: B

46.
A: Epithelial tissue lacks blood vessels.
R: It receives nutrients by diffusion.
Answer: A

47.
A: Adipose tissue stores fat.
R: It provides insulation to the body.
Answer: A

48.
A: Osteocytes are bone cells.
R: They are present in lacunae.
Answer: A

49.
A: Smooth muscles show striations.
R: They are spindle-shaped.
Answer: D

50.
A: Division of labour is seen in multicellular organisms.
R: Different tissues perform different functions.
Answer: A

🧬 TISSUES – 100 Very Short Answer Questions

🌿 PLANT TISSUES (1–50)

1. What is a tissue?
→ Group of similar cells performing a specific function.

2. What is the study of tissues called?
→ Histology.

3. Which tissue is responsible for growth in plants?
→ Meristematic tissue.

4. Where is apical meristem present?
→ Root and shoot tips.

5. Which meristem increases girth?
→ Lateral meristem.

6. Which meristem is present at nodes?
→ Intercalary meristem.

7. Meristematic cells are actively ______.
→ Dividing.

8. Do meristematic cells have large vacuoles?
→ No.

9. Which simple tissue stores food?
→ Parenchyma.

10. Which parenchyma performs photosynthesis?
→ Chlorenchyma.

11. Which parenchyma helps in buoyancy?
→ Aerenchyma.

12. Which tissue provides flexibility?
→ Collenchyma.

13. Which tissue provides mechanical strength?
→ Sclerenchyma.

14. Sclerenchyma cells are living or dead?
→ Dead.

15. What makes sclerenchyma walls thick?
→ Lignin.

16. Which tissue transports water?
→ Xylem.

17. Which tissue transports food?
→ Phloem.

18. Name one component of xylem.
→ Tracheid / Vessel.

19. Name one component of phloem.
→ Sieve tube.

20. What is translocation?
→ Transport of food in plants.

21. What is the outermost protective layer of plant?
→ Epidermis.

22. What prevents water loss in epidermis?
→ Cuticle.

23. Cork contains which waterproof substance?
→ Suberin.

24. What is cambium?
→ Lateral meristem.

25. Which tissue has intercellular spaces?
→ Parenchyma.

26. Which tissue lacks intercellular spaces?
→ Meristematic tissue.

27. What are stone cells?
→ Sclereids.

28. Xylem fibres are living or dead?
→ Dead.

29. Phloem parenchyma is living or dead?
→ Living.

30. What is the function of xylem parenchyma?
→ Storage.

31. What type of tissue is xylem?
→ Complex permanent tissue.

32. What type of tissue is collenchyma?
→ Simple permanent tissue.

33. What is primary growth?
→ Increase in length.

34. What is secondary growth?
→ Increase in girth.

35. What is the function of stomata?
→ Gas exchange.

36. What are sieve plates?
→ Perforated walls of sieve tubes.

37. Which tissue forms annual rings?
→ Cambium.

38. Which plastid stores food?
→ Leucoplast.

39. Which plastid gives colour to fruits?
→ Chromoplast.

40. Which plastid contains chlorophyll?
→ Chloroplast.

41. Which tissue helps plants bend without breaking?
→ Collenchyma.

42. Which tissue is present in coconut husk?
→ Sclerenchyma.

43. What is the function of companion cells?
→ Help sieve tubes.

44. Name the tissue that forms bark.
→ Cork.

45. Which tissue forms vascular bundle?
→ Xylem and Phloem.

46. What is the function of root cap?
→ Protect root tip.

47. What type of cells are meristematic?
→ Small, thin-walled.

48. Which tissue is found in leaf mesophyll?
→ Parenchyma.

49. What is the function of phloem fibres?
→ Support.

50. What is division of labour in plants?
→ Different tissues perform specific functions.

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES (51–100)

51. How many main types of animal tissues are there?
→ Four.

52. Name the four types of animal tissues.
→ Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

53. Which tissue covers body surface?
→ Epithelial tissue.

54. Which epithelium is flat?
→ Squamous epithelium.

55. Which epithelium is cube-shaped?
→ Cuboidal epithelium.

56. Which epithelium is column-like?
→ Columnar epithelium.

57. What are cilia?
→ Hair-like projections.

58. Where is ciliated epithelium found?
→ Trachea.

59. Which epithelium performs secretion?
→ Glandular epithelium.

60. Which tissue connects organs?
→ Connective tissue.

61. Which connective tissue stores fat?
→ Adipose tissue.

62. Which connective tissue fills spaces?
→ Areolar tissue.

63. What is the matrix in connective tissue?
→ Intercellular substance.

64. What is the hard connective tissue?
→ Bone.

65. Which mineral strengthens bone?
→ Calcium.

66. What are bone cells called?
→ Osteocytes.

67. What are cartilage cells called?
→ Chondrocytes.

68. Where is cartilage found?
→ Nose/Ear.

69. Which connective tissue is fluid?
→ Blood.

70. What is the fluid part of blood?
→ Plasma.

71. RBC stands for?
→ Red Blood Cells.

72. WBC stands for?
→ White Blood Cells.

73. What do RBCs carry?
→ Oxygen.

74. What do WBCs fight?
→ Infection.

75. What is the function of platelets?
→ Clotting.

76. Which tissue causes movement?
→ Muscular tissue.

77. Which muscle is voluntary?
→ Striated muscle.

78. Which muscle is involuntary?
→ Smooth muscle.

79. Which muscle is found in heart?
→ Cardiac muscle.

80. Cardiac muscle is voluntary or involuntary?
→ Involuntary.

81. Which muscle is spindle-shaped?
→ Smooth muscle.

82. Which muscle has striations?
→ Striated muscle.

83. What connects muscle to bone?
→ Tendon.

84. What connects bone to bone?
→ Ligament.

85. Which tissue controls body activities?
→ Nervous tissue.

86. What is the unit of nervous system?
→ Neuron.

87. What receives impulses in neuron?
→ Dendrite.

88. What carries impulse away from cell body?
→ Axon.

89. Which tissue heals fastest?
→ Epithelial tissue.

90. Which tissue has no blood vessels?
→ Epithelial tissue.

91. What is reflex action controlled by?
→ Nervous tissue.

92. Which muscle never tires?
→ Cardiac muscle.

93. What pigment is present in RBC?
→ Hemoglobin.

94. Which tissue provides insulation?
→ Adipose tissue.

95. Which muscle is attached to bones?
→ Skeletal muscle.

96. What is the function of areolar tissue?
→ Packing tissue.

97. Which tissue shows intercalated discs?
→ Cardiac muscle.

98. What is the function of smooth muscle?
→ Movement of internal organs.

99. Which tissue allows diffusion in lungs?
→ Squamous epithelium.

100. What is division of labour in animals?
→ Different tissues perform specific functions.

🧬 TISSUES – 50 Short Answer Questions

🌿 PLANT TISSUES (1–25)

1. Define tissue. Why is tissue formation important?
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function. Tissue formation leads to division of labour, making the functioning of multicellular organisms more efficient.

2. What is meristematic tissue? State its characteristics.
Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells. Cells are small, thin-walled, have dense cytoplasm, large nucleus, and lack vacuoles.

3. Differentiate between apical and lateral meristem.
Apical meristem increases length and is present at root/shoot tips. Lateral meristem increases girth and is present along the sides of stems and roots.

4. What is intercalary meristem? Mention its function.
It is present at nodes or base of leaves and helps in regrowth, especially in grasses.

5. Define permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue is formed from meristematic tissue and loses the ability to divide.

6. Describe parenchyma and its functions.
Parenchyma consists of living, thin-walled cells with intercellular spaces. Functions include storage, photosynthesis, and gas exchange.

7. What is chlorenchyma and aerenchyma?
Chlorenchyma contains chloroplasts and performs photosynthesis. Aerenchyma has air cavities and helps aquatic plants float.

8. Write two differences between collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Collenchyma: Living, uneven thickening at corners, flexible.
Sclerenchyma: Dead, thick lignified walls, rigid support.

9. What is the function of sclerenchyma?
Provides mechanical strength and rigidity to plants.

10. Define complex permanent tissue with examples.
Complex tissues consist of more than one type of cells working together. Examples: Xylem and Phloem.

11. Write the components of xylem.
Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma.

12. State the functions of xylem.
Transports water and minerals; provides mechanical support.

13. Write the components of phloem.
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma.

14. What is translocation?
Transport of food from leaves to other plant parts via phloem.

15. Explain the structure and function of epidermis.
Outermost protective layer of plant. Prevents water loss and protects against injury.

16. What is cork? State its function.
Cork is a protective tissue made of dead cells containing suberin. It prevents water loss and infection.

17. Differentiate between simple and complex tissues.
Simple tissue: One type of cell (e.g., parenchyma).
Complex tissue: More than one type of cell (e.g., xylem).

18. What is cambium?
A lateral meristem responsible for secondary growth.

19. What is secondary growth?
Increase in girth of stem and root due to lateral meristem.

20. What are sieve tubes?
Tube-like structures in phloem responsible for food transport.

21. Mention two differences between xylem and phloem.
Xylem transports water upward; phloem transports food both ways.
Xylem mostly dead cells; phloem mostly living cells.

22. Why are sclerenchyma cells dead?
Because their thick lignified walls block nutrient supply.

23. What is the role of companion cells?
They assist sieve tubes in food transport.

24. What are vascular bundles?
Groups of xylem and phloem tissues.

25. Define division of labour in plants.
Different tissues perform specific functions for efficient survival.

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES (26–50)

26. Name the four types of animal tissues.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

27. What is epithelial tissue? State its function.
Covers body surfaces and lines cavities. Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption.

28. Describe squamous epithelium.
Thin, flat cells; found in lungs and blood vessels; helps in diffusion.

29. Where is cuboidal epithelium found? State its function.
Found in kidney tubules; helps in secretion and absorption.

30. What is columnar epithelium?
Tall, pillar-like cells; found in stomach and intestine; helps in absorption.

31. What is ciliated epithelium?
Epithelium with hair-like cilia; moves mucus in respiratory tract.

32. Define connective tissue.
Tissue that connects, supports, and binds body parts.

33. What is areolar tissue?
Loose connective tissue that fills spaces between organs.

34. Write functions of adipose tissue.
Stores fat, provides insulation and protection.

35. Describe bone tissue.
Hard connective tissue with calcium salts; provides support and protection.

36. What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue found in nose, ear, and joints.

37. Why is blood called connective tissue?
Because it connects body parts by transporting materials.

38. Write functions of blood.
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes wastes.

39. What is muscular tissue?
Tissue responsible for movement due to contraction and relaxation.

40. Differentiate between striated and smooth muscles.
Striated: Voluntary, striped appearance.
Smooth: Involuntary, no striations.

41. What is cardiac muscle?
Branched, involuntary muscle found in heart.

42. What are tendons?
Fibrous tissues connecting muscle to bone.

43. What are ligaments?
Elastic tissues connecting bone to bone.

44. What is nervous tissue?
Tissue that transmits impulses and controls activities.

45. Define neuron.
Structural and functional unit of nervous system.

46. What is the function of dendrites and axon?
Dendrites receive impulses; axon transmits impulses away.

47. Why is epithelial tissue called protective tissue?
Because it protects underlying tissues from injury and infection.

48. Write two differences between bone and cartilage.
Bone is hard and rigid; cartilage is flexible.
Bone has blood supply; cartilage has limited supply.

49. What is division of labour in animals?
Different tissues perform specific specialized functions.

50. Why is cardiac muscle fatigue-resistant?
Because it works continuously and has rich blood supply.

🧬 TISSUES – 20 Long Answer Questions

🌿 PLANT TISSUES (1–10)

1. Describe meristematic tissue and its types.

Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells responsible for growth in plants. These cells are small, have thin cell walls, dense cytoplasm, prominent nucleus, and little or no vacuole. They lack intercellular spaces. Meristematic tissues are of three types. Apical meristem is present at the tips of roots and shoots and increases the length of the plant (primary growth). Intercalary meristem is located at the base of leaves or nodes and helps in regrowth, especially in grasses. Lateral meristem is present along the sides of stems and roots and increases the girth of the plant (secondary growth). Meristematic tissue plays a crucial role in plant development by continuously producing new cells.

2. Explain simple permanent tissues in plants.

Simple permanent tissues are made up of one type of similar cells that perform the same function. They are formed from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. There are three types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma consists of living, thin-walled cells with intercellular spaces and mainly functions in storage and photosynthesis. Collenchyma is made of living cells with uneven thickening at the corners, providing flexibility and support. Sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick lignified walls that provide mechanical strength and rigidity. These tissues collectively support plant structure and help in storage and protection.

3. Describe the structure and functions of xylem.

Xylem is a complex permanent tissue responsible for the transport of water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant. It consists of four components: tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma. Tracheids and vessels are elongated dead cells that conduct water. Xylem fibres provide mechanical strength, while xylem parenchyma stores food. Water movement in xylem occurs upward due to transpiration pull. Xylem also helps maintain plant rigidity. It forms part of the vascular bundle along with phloem. Since most xylem elements are dead, they provide strong support to the plant body.

4. Describe the structure and functions of phloem.

Phloem is a complex tissue responsible for transporting food from leaves to all parts of the plant. This process is called translocation. Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma. Sieve tubes are living elongated cells with perforated end walls called sieve plates. Companion cells assist sieve tubes in food transport. Phloem fibres provide support, and phloem parenchyma stores food. Unlike xylem, phloem transport can occur in both upward and downward directions. Phloem ensures distribution of nutrients throughout the plant.

5. Explain protective tissues in plants.

Protective tissues protect plants from external injury and water loss. The outermost protective tissue is the epidermis, which forms a continuous layer over plant parts. It prevents water loss through a waxy cuticle and allows gas exchange through stomata. Another protective tissue is cork, formed by cork cambium. Cork cells are dead and contain suberin, making them waterproof and protective against infection and mechanical damage. Protective tissues help plants survive harsh environmental conditions.

6. Differentiate between simple and complex tissues.

Simple tissues consist of one type of similar cells performing the same function, such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex tissues consist of more than one type of cells working together for a common function. Examples include xylem and phloem. Simple tissues mainly provide storage, support, and photosynthesis, whereas complex tissues are mainly involved in transportation. In simple tissues, all cells are similar, while in complex tissues, cells are structurally and functionally different.

7. Explain secondary growth in plants.

Secondary growth refers to the increase in girth or thickness of stems and roots. It is caused by the activity of lateral meristems, particularly vascular cambium and cork cambium. Vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, forming annual rings in woody plants. Cork cambium produces cork for protection. Secondary growth is commonly seen in dicot plants and gymnosperms. It strengthens the plant and supports increased height and weight.

8. Describe parenchyma and its modifications.

Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue made of living cells with thin cell walls and large vacuoles. It has intercellular spaces that help in gaseous exchange. Its main functions include storage of food, water, and photosynthesis. Modifications include chlorenchyma, which contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and aerenchyma, which has large air cavities that provide buoyancy in aquatic plants. Parenchyma plays an essential role in plant metabolism and survival.

9. Explain collenchyma and sclerenchyma with differences.

Collenchyma consists of living cells with uneven thickening at corners, providing flexibility and support to growing parts. Sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick lignified walls that provide rigidity and strength. Collenchyma is flexible, whereas sclerenchyma is rigid. Collenchyma cells are living, but sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity. Both tissues provide mechanical support but differ in structure and function.

10. Describe the importance of division of labour in plants.

Division of labour means different tissues perform specific functions. In plants, meristematic tissues help in growth, parenchyma stores food, xylem transports water, and phloem transports food. This specialization increases efficiency and survival. It allows plants to grow taller, transport materials effectively, and adapt to environmental conditions.

🐾 ANIMAL TISSUES (11–20)

11. Describe epithelial tissue and its types.

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities. Cells are tightly packed with little intercellular space. Types include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, and glandular epithelium. Squamous epithelium is thin and helps in diffusion. Cuboidal epithelium aids in secretion and absorption. Columnar epithelium is involved in absorption. Ciliated epithelium moves mucus, and glandular epithelium secretes enzymes and hormones.

12. Explain connective tissue and its types.

Connective tissue connects and supports body parts. It has abundant intercellular matrix. Types include areolar, adipose, bone, cartilage, and blood. Areolar tissue fills spaces, adipose stores fat, bone provides support, cartilage offers flexibility, and blood transports substances. Connective tissues play a major role in binding and protection.

13. Describe bone tissue and its functions.

Bone is a hard connective tissue made strong by calcium salts. It contains osteocytes embedded in matrix. Bone provides support, protects organs, helps in movement, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.

14. Describe blood as connective tissue.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. RBCs carry oxygen, WBCs fight infection, and platelets help in clotting. Blood transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

15. Explain muscular tissue and its types.

Muscular tissue enables movement by contraction and relaxation. Types include striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart muscle). Striated muscles are attached to bones. Smooth muscles are found in internal organs. Cardiac muscle is branched and works continuously.

16. Describe nervous tissue and neuron structure.

Nervous tissue coordinates body activities. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. A neuron has dendrites (receive impulses), cell body, and axon (transmits impulses). Nervous tissue enables quick response to stimuli.

17. Differentiate between striated and smooth muscles.

Striated muscles are voluntary and show stripes under microscope. Smooth muscles are involuntary and lack striations. Striated muscles are cylindrical; smooth muscles are spindle-shaped.

18. Explain the structure and function of cardiac muscle.

Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. It is branched, striated, and involuntary. It has intercalated discs for coordinated contraction. It works continuously without fatigue to pump blood.

19. Describe adipose tissue and its importance.

Adipose tissue stores fat beneath the skin and around organs. It provides insulation, protection, and energy storage. It helps maintain body temperature.

20. Explain division of labour in animals.

In animals, different tissues perform specific functions. Epithelial tissue protects, connective tissue supports, muscular tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue coordinates activities. This specialization increases efficiency and survival in multicellular organisms.

🧬 Sample Question Paper – Tissues

Class IX – Science
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

📝 General Instructions:

  1. All questions are compulsory.
  2. The question paper consists of 5 sections A, B, C, D and E.
  3. Draw neat and labelled diagrams wherever required.
  4. Internal choices are provided in some questions.

🟢 Section A (1 × 10 = 10 Marks)

Very Short Answer Questions

  1. Define tissue.
  2. Name the four types of animal tissues.
  3. Which tissue transports water in plants?
  4. Name the tissue responsible for growth in plants.
  5. What is a neuron?
  6. Which muscle is involuntary and striated?
  7. Name the tissue that stores fat in animals.
  8. What is chlorenchyma?
  9. Which tissue connects bone to bone?
  10. Name the protective tissue in plants.

🟡 Section B (2 × 10 = 20 Marks)

Short Answer Questions (2–3 marks each)

  1. Differentiate between apical and lateral meristem.
  2. Write two functions of parenchyma.
  3. What are the components of xylem?
  4. Write two differences between cartilage and bone.
  5. Define connective tissue with examples.
  6. What is the function of ciliated epithelium?
  7. Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles.
  8. What are vascular bundles?
  9. Why is blood called connective tissue?
  10. Write two characteristics of sclerenchyma.

🟠 Section C (3 × 10 = 30 Marks)

Short Answer Questions (3–4 marks each)

  1. Explain simple permanent tissues.
    OR
    Differentiate between simple and complex permanent tissues.
  2. Describe the structure and function of phloem.
    OR
    Explain the structure of xylem.
  3. Explain epithelial tissue and its types.
    OR
    Describe squamous and cuboidal epithelium.
  4. Describe muscular tissue and its types.
    OR
    Differentiate between striated and cardiac muscles.
  5. Explain nervous tissue with a neat labelled diagram.
    OR
    Describe the structure of a neuron.
  6. Write a note on collenchyma.
    OR
    What is sclerenchyma? Mention its types.
  7. Explain the role of meristematic tissue in plant growth.
    OR
    Describe the types of meristematic tissue.
  8. Differentiate between plant tissues and animal tissues.
    OR
    Explain division of labour in multicellular organisms.
  9. Describe the structure and function of epidermis.
    OR
    What is cork? Mention its functions.
  10. Explain areolar and adipose tissues.
    OR
    Describe bone and cartilage.

🔵 Section D (5 × 4 = 20 Marks)

Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

  1. Describe meristematic tissue in detail with types and functions.
    OR
    Explain permanent tissues and their classification.
  2. Explain complex permanent tissues with diagram.
    OR
    Differentiate between xylem and phloem in detail.
  3. Describe connective tissue and its types with functions.
    OR
    Explain blood and its components.
  4. Explain muscular tissue in detail with diagrams.
    OR
    Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle.
  5. Explain nervous tissue in detail with labelled diagram.
    OR
    Describe the reflex action mechanism.

🟣 Section E (Case Study – 5 Marks)

  1. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

A farmer observed that after cutting grass, it grows again quickly. He also noticed that the trunk of trees increases in thickness over time.

a) Name the tissue responsible for regrowth in grass. (1)
b) Name the tissue responsible for increase in girth. (1)
c) What type of tissue is responsible for plant growth? (1)
d) Why do meristematic cells lack vacuoles? (2)

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