Plant Growth and Development – Class 11 Biology Notes & Summary

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Comprehensive Class 11 Biology chapter on Plant Growth and Development. Get detailed summary, short notes, important keywords, MCQs, flowcharts, and exam-oriented questions for easy preparation.

Introduction to Plant Growth and Development

Plants, unlike animals, show continuous growth throughout their life. Growth and development in plants involve a series of irreversible processes leading to an increase in size, differentiation, and physiological maturation. The chapter Plant Growth and Development explores the mechanisms, factors, and hormonal regulations that control these processes.

Understanding plant growth is crucial for agriculture, horticulture, and biotechnology. It helps in crop improvement, better yield, and understanding how environmental factors and hormones influence plant life.

Key focus areas of this chapter include types of growth, plant growth regulators, seed germination, photoperiodism, vernalization, and phases of development. Students preparing for board exams and competitive tests will benefit from its systematic study.

Short Notes (Bullet Points)

Growth: Irreversible increase in size and volume of plant cells and organs.
Development: Includes growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation.
Meristems: Regions of active cell division (Apical, Lateral, Intercalary).
Phases of Plant Growth:
1. Cell division – formation of new cells
2. Cell enlargement – increase in cell size
3. Cell differentiation – specialization of cells
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs): Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic Acid.
Photoperiodism: Plant response to day length (Short-day, Long-day, Day-neutral plants).
Vernalization: Induction of flowering by exposure to low temperature.
Seed Germination: Process of sprouting from a seed; influenced by water, oxygen, and temperature.
Tropism: Growth response to environmental stimuli (Phototropism, Geotropism).

Detailed Summary of Plant Growth and Development

Plant growth is an essential feature of plant life and differs from animal growth in its continuous nature. This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of growth, development, and plant physiology.

1. Growth in Plants

Growth in plants is measured in terms of increase in cell number, cell size, and organ size. It is quantitatively studied using:

Absolute growth: Total increase in size or mass over time.
Relative growth rate (RGR): Growth per unit of existing size.
Specific growth rate (SGR): Growth per unit of size per unit time.

Plants exhibit primary growth (lengthening of shoots and roots) and secondary growth (increase in thickness, mainly in woody plants).

Meristems play a vital role:

Apical meristems: Found at tips of roots and shoots; responsible for primary growth.
Lateral meristems: Includes cambium and cork cambium; responsible for secondary growth.
Intercalary meristems: Found at internodes; allow regrowth in monocots like grass.

2. Phases of Growth

Cell Division: Occurs in meristems; produces new cells.
Cell Elongation: New cells absorb water, enlarge, and push older cells aside.
Cell Differentiation: Cells mature into specialized types like xylem, phloem, or epidermis.

3. Developmental Processes

Development involves changes from embryo to mature plant:

Morphogenesis: Formation of organs and tissues.
Differentiation: Structural and functional specialization.
Maturation: Cells reach functional state.

4. Seed Germination

Seed germination is the resumption of growth in a dormant seed, influenced by:

Water (imbibition)
Oxygen for respiration
Suitable temperature

Germination may be epigeal (cotyledons above ground) or hypogeal (cotyledons below ground). Hormones like Gibberellins promote germination.

5. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)

Auxins: Promote cell elongation, apical dominance, root formation.
Gibberellins: Stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, flowering.
Cytokinins: Promote cell division, delay senescence, stimulate shoot formation.
Ethylene: Controls fruit ripening, leaf abscission.
Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits growth, induces dormancy, stress response.

6. Photoperiodism and Vernalization

Photoperiodism: Plants flower based on day length.
- Short-day plants (SDP): Flower when day < critical length.
- Long-day plants (LDP): Flower when day > critical length.
- Day-neutral plants (DNP): Flowering independent of photoperiod.
Vernalization: Low temperature exposure to induce flowering (wheat, barley).

7. Tropic Movements

Phototropism: Growth towards light.
Geotropism/Gravitropism: Growth in response to gravity.
Hydrotropism: Response to water.
Thigmotropism: Response to touch (e.g., tendrils).

8. Senescence and Abscission

Senescence: Age-dependent deterioration of cells and tissues.
Abscission: Shedding of leaves, flowers, and fruits; regulated by hormones like ethylene.

Plant growth and development is a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. This chapter emphasizes understanding these mechanisms to apply in agriculture, horticulture, and plant biotechnology.

Flowchart / Mind Map (Text-Based)

Plant Growth & Development
|
|-- Growth
|    |-- Primary (Apical Meristem)
|    |-- Secondary (Lateral Meristem)
|
|-- Phases of Growth
|    |-- Cell Division
|    |-- Cell Elongation
|    |-- Cell Differentiation
|
|-- Development
|    |-- Morphogenesis
|    |-- Differentiation
|    |-- Maturation
|
|-- Seed Germination
|    |-- Epigeal
|    |-- Hypogeal
|    |-- Hormonal Control
|
|-- Plant Growth Regulators
|    |-- Auxin
|    |-- Gibberellin
|    |-- Cytokinin
|    |-- Ethylene
|    |-- ABA
|
|-- Photoperiodism & Vernalization
|    |-- SDP / LDP / DNP
|    |-- Low Temperature Requirement
|
|-- Tropisms
|    |-- Phototropism
|    |-- Geotropism
|    |-- Hydrotropism
|    |-- Thigmotropism
|
|-- Senescence & Abscission

Important Keywords with Meanings

Keyword	Meaning
Meristem	Tissue with actively dividing cells
Photoperiodism	Plant response to day length
Vernalization	Induction of flowering by cold
Tropism	Directional growth response to stimulus
Gibberellins	Hormones that promote stem elongation and germination
Cytokinins	Hormones that stimulate cell division and delay aging
Abscisic Acid (ABA)	Growth inhibitor, induces dormancy
Epigeal	Cotyledons above ground during germination
Hypogeal	Cotyledons below ground during germination
Senescence	Age-related deterioration of plant parts

Important Questions & Answers

Short Answer Questions (10)

Define growth in plants.
Growth is the irreversible increase in size and mass of a plant.
What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized.
Name two types of meristems.
Apical and lateral meristems.
What is photoperiodism?
Plant response to day length for flowering.
Define tropism.
Directional growth response to an environmental stimulus.
What is vernalization?
Induction of flowering by exposure to low temperature.
List two functions of gibberellins.
Stem elongation and seed germination.
What is senescence?
Age-dependent deterioration of plant cells.
Define epigeal germination.
Cotyledons rise above ground during germination.
Name the hormone that promotes fruit ripening.
Ethylene.

Long Answer Questions (10)

Explain the phases of plant growth.
Plant growth occurs in three phases: cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation, each crucial for overall development.
Describe types of meristems and their functions.
Apical (length), lateral (thickness), and intercalary (regrowth in monocots) meristems control plant growth.
Explain the process of seed germination.
Requires water, oxygen, and suitable temperature; cotyledons either rise (epigeal) or stay underground (hypogeal).
Discuss the role of auxins in plants.
Promote cell elongation, maintain apical dominance, stimulate root formation, and control tropisms.
Describe photoperiodism with examples.
SDP: Short days (Chrysanthemum), LDP: Long days (Spinach), DNP: Day-neutral (Tomato).
Explain the significance of vernalization.
Ensures flowering in the correct season; wheat and barley require cold for flowering.
Discuss the role of cytokinins.
Promote cell division, delay leaf senescence, and regulate shoot formation in tissue culture.
Define tropism and types with examples.
Growth response to stimuli: Phototropism (toward light), Geotropism (roots downward), Thigmotropism (tendrils).
Explain the role of abscisic acid (ABA).
Induces dormancy, inhibits growth, and mediates stress responses.
Write an essay on senescence and abscission.
Controlled aging (senescence) leads to shedding of leaves or fruits (abscission), regulated by ethylene.

Exam Tips / Value-Based Questions

Exam Tips:

Focus on meristems, plant hormones, germination, and photoperiodism.
Use flowcharts for phases of growth and PGR functions.
Practice short notes and MCQs regularly.

Value-Based Questions:

How can knowledge of plant hormones help farmers?
Answer: Promotes higher yield, better growth, and controlled ripening.
Why is vernalization important for wheat?
Answer: Ensures flowering in suitable season for better yield.
How can studying photoperiodism help in horticulture?
Answer: Helps manipulate flowering time for commercial crops.
Why should we understand plant senescence?
Answer: Helps in post-harvest management and prolonging shelf-life.
How do tropisms aid plant survival?
Answer: Enables plants to reach light, water, and anchor efficiently.

Conclusion

The chapter Plant Growth and Development is central to understanding plant physiology, crop management, and agricultural biotechnology. From cell division in meristems to hormonal regulation and environmental influences, every aspect contributes to the overall development of a plant.

Students should focus on short notes, important keywords, and flowcharts for exam preparation. Practicing MCQs, short, and long answer questions enhances understanding. Awareness of photoperiodism, vernalization, and tropisms can improve agricultural practices.

Mastery of this chapter allows students to predict plant behavior, manipulate growth for agriculture, and excel in board and competitive exams. Effective use of plant growth regulators and understanding environmental effects ensures sustainable cultivation and better crop yield.

By systematically studying Plant Growth and Development, students gain insights into how plants grow, adapt, and respond, forming a foundation for advanced topics in botany and biotechnology.

The study of Plant Growth and Development is one of the most essential and fascinating areas of Class 11 Biology. It provides a deep understanding of how plants grow, differentiate, and adapt to their environment. Growth in plants is not merely an increase in size but a complex, highly regulated, and dynamic process that involves a series of cellular and physiological events. These include cell division, elongation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation, all of which are guided by intrinsic genetic programs and influenced by external environmental factors. Understanding these processes allows students and researchers to explore the broader aspects of plant life, from seed germination to the production of fruits and flowers, and ultimately, plant reproduction.

At the core of plant growth and development are meristems, specialized regions of actively dividing cells. Apical meristems, located at the tips of roots and shoots, are responsible for primary growth, which results in the elongation of plant organs. This elongation allows plants to reach sunlight, grow roots deeper into the soil, and expand their photosynthetic surface. Lateral meristems, including the vascular cambium and cork cambium, control secondary growth, which contributes to the thickness of stems and roots in woody plants. Intercalary meristems, present at the nodes or internodes, allow regrowth in monocots, such as grass species, even after grazing or harvesting. By studying meristems, we not only understand the mechanics of plant growth but also uncover the ways plants maintain continuous development throughout their lifecycle.

The phases of growth in plants—cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation—form the backbone of plant development. Cell division, occurring in meristematic tissues, ensures a continuous supply of new cells, while cell elongation, driven by water uptake and cell wall loosening, contributes to the expansion of plant tissues. Differentiation, the process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions, is critical for forming xylem, phloem, epidermis, and other essential tissues. Without these phases, plants would not be able to develop complex organs such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits, which are crucial for survival and reproduction. Thus, the study of Plant Growth and Development provides a detailed roadmap of how individual cells organize into a highly structured and functional plant body.

Another crucial aspect of Plant Growth and Development is seed germination, a process that marks the beginning of a plant’s active life. Seed germination involves the resumption of metabolic activity in a dormant seed, leading to the emergence of a young seedling. This process is influenced by essential factors such as water, oxygen, and temperature. Seeds may germinate in an epigeal manner, where cotyledons emerge above the ground, or in a hypogeal manner, where cotyledons remain below the soil. Hormonal regulation, particularly by gibberellins, plays a significant role in breaking seed dormancy and initiating germination. Understanding germination is critical not only for academic purposes but also for agriculture, as it helps farmers achieve better crop establishment and higher yields.

The role of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) in controlling plant growth and development cannot be overstated. Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid are central to regulating diverse physiological processes. Auxins promote cell elongation, maintain apical dominance, and induce root formation. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering, while cytokinins encourage cell division and delay leaf senescence. Ethylene controls fruit ripening and leaf abscission, and abscisic acid inhibits growth, induces dormancy, and helps plants respond to stress. By understanding the functions and interactions of these hormones, students can appreciate how Plant Growth and Development is a highly coordinated process, combining genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

Environmental cues such as light and temperature also have a profound impact on Plant Growth and Development. Photoperiodism, the response of plants to day length, determines flowering time in many species. Short-day plants, like chrysanthemums, flower when the day length is below a critical threshold, while long-day plants, like spinach, flower when days are longer. Day-neutral plants, such as tomatoes, flower independently of day length. Additionally, vernalization, or exposure to low temperatures, is necessary for certain crops like wheat and barley to flower. By studying photoperiodism and vernalization, students gain insights into how plants adapt to seasonal changes and how agricultural practices can manipulate flowering time to improve crop productivity.

Tropic movements are another vital component of Plant Growth and Development. Tropisms, including phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, and thigmotropism, enable plants to respond to environmental stimuli efficiently. Phototropism ensures that plants grow toward light, optimizing photosynthesis, while geotropism directs root growth into the soil for water and mineral absorption. Hydrotropism helps roots grow toward water sources, and thigmotropism allows tendrils to cling to supports, aiding climbing plants. These adaptive movements highlight the remarkable plasticity of plant growth and demonstrate that Plant Growth and Development is not just a passive increase in size but an actively regulated response to external conditions.

Senescence and abscission represent the final stages of Plant Growth and Development. Senescence is the natural aging process of plant cells, tissues, and organs, ultimately leading to cell death. Abscission, the shedding of leaves, flowers, or fruits, is regulated by hormones such as ethylene. These processes ensure resource recycling within the plant and allow for new growth. Studying senescence and abscission provides students with a complete understanding of the plant lifecycle, from seed germination to death, reinforcing the interconnected nature of growth and development.

The applications of knowledge from Plant Growth and Development extend far beyond academics. In agriculture, understanding growth regulators, photoperiodism, and vernalization allows farmers to manipulate plant growth, improve yields, and optimize harvest timing. In horticulture, this knowledge helps in producing ornamental plants, controlling flowering periods, and enhancing fruit quality. In biotechnology, meristem culture, tissue culture, and hormone treatments are extensively used for cloning plants, producing disease-free seedlings, and developing genetically modified crops. Thus, the concepts of Plant Growth and Development form the foundation for practical, real-world applications in agriculture, horticulture, and plant science research.

From an exam perspective, the chapter emphasizes concept clarity, memorization of key terms, and the ability to interpret processes through diagrams, flowcharts, and MCQs. Students should focus on short notes, detailed summaries, and previous year questions to strengthen their understanding. Topics like meristem types, growth phases, seed germination, plant hormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, and tropisms are highly likely to appear in board exams, competitive tests, and Olympiads. Repeated revision, diagram practice, and solving multiple-choice questions help reinforce critical concepts and improve analytical skills.

In conclusion, Plant Growth and Development is a comprehensive chapter that integrates cellular biology, physiology, environmental science, and agriculture. It illustrates how growth is a carefully orchestrated process influenced by meristems, hormones, and environmental factors. The study of this chapter equips students with the knowledge to understand how plants grow, adapt, and respond to stimuli, and also provides a practical foundation for agricultural innovations. From the microscopic activities in meristematic cells to macroscopic phenomena like flowering, fruiting, and senescence, the chapter presents a complete picture of plant life.

By mastering Plant Growth and Development, students not only excel in examinations but also gain insights into sustainable agriculture, crop improvement, and plant biotechnology. This chapter emphasizes that plant life is dynamic, responsive, and highly regulated, and a deep understanding of its principles can lead to significant contributions in food security, horticulture, and ecological management. It reinforces the idea that plant growth is not just about increasing size but involves intricate coordination between genetics, hormones, and environmental factors, making it a vital topic for every Class 11 Biology student.

Overall, the study of Plant Growth and Development bridges the gap between theoretical biology and practical application, highlighting the significance of understanding plant life from cellular to ecosystem levels. Students who grasp this chapter will have a solid foundation for advanced studies in botany, agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental sciences, making it one of the most valuable and exam-oriented chapters in Class 11 Biology.

20 MCQs on Plant Growth and Development

Growth in plants is:
a) Reversible
b) Irreversible
c) Temporary
d) Random
Answer: b) Irreversible
Apical meristem is responsible for:
a) Thickness of stem
b) Length of plant
c) Leaf senescence
d) Flower abscission
Answer: b) Length of plant
Lateral meristem includes:
a) Apical meristem
b) Cork cambium and vascular cambium
c) Intercalary meristem
d) Root cap
Answer: b) Cork cambium and vascular cambium
Intercalary meristem is found in:
a) Woody plants
b) Dicots only
c) Monocots like grass
d) Root apex
Answer: c) Monocots like grass
Which hormone promotes stem elongation?
a) Auxin
b) Gibberellin
c) Cytokinin
d) Abscisic acid
Answer: b) Gibberellin
Which hormone delays leaf senescence?
a) Ethylene
b) Cytokinin
c) ABA
d) Auxin
Answer: b) Cytokinin
Ethylene regulates:
a) Seed germination
b) Leaf abscission and fruit ripening
c) Cell elongation
d) Root growth
Answer: b) Leaf abscission and fruit ripening
Abscisic acid (ABA) primarily:
a) Promotes growth
b) Inhibits growth and induces dormancy
c) Stimulates flowering
d) Enhances fruit ripening
Answer: b) Inhibits growth and induces dormancy
Epigeal germination is characterized by:
a) Cotyledons remain below ground
b) Cotyledons rise above ground
c) Seeds germinate without water
d) Only monocots show it
Answer: b) Cotyledons rise above ground
Hypogeal germination is seen in:
a) Beans
b) Pea and groundnut
c) Wheat
d) Tomato
Answer: b) Pea and groundnut
Short-day plants flower when:
a) Day length is long
b) Day length is short
c) Temperature is high
d) Water is abundant
Answer: b) Day length is short
Long-day plants flower when:
a) Day length is short
b) Day length is long
c) Low temperature is present
d) Soil is dry
Answer: b) Day length is long
Day-neutral plants:
a) Flower regardless of day length
b) Flower only in short days
c) Require vernalization
d) Cannot flower in controlled conditions
Answer: a) Flower regardless of day length
Vernalization refers to:
a) Flowering induced by day length
b) Flowering induced by low temperature
c) Seed dormancy breaking
d) Leaf shedding
Answer: b) Flowering induced by low temperature
Phototropism is:
a) Growth towards gravity
b) Growth towards light
c) Growth towards water
d) Growth by touch
Answer: b) Growth towards light
Geotropism is:
a) Growth towards light
b) Growth towards or away from gravity
c) Growth towards water
d) Growth by touch
Answer: b) Growth towards or away from gravity
Thigmotropism is seen in:
a) Roots growing downward
b) Stems growing towards light
c) Tendrils climbing supports
d) Cotyledons emerging above ground
Answer: c) Tendrils climbing supports
Which hormone breaks seed dormancy?
a) ABA
b) Gibberellins
c) Ethylene
d) Cytokinin
Answer: b) Gibberellins
The phases of plant growth include:
a) Cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation
b) Cell division, photosynthesis, transpiration
c) Flowering, fruiting, senescence
d) Meristem, root, stem formation
Answer: a) Cell division, cell elongation, cell differentiation
Senescence in plants refers to:
a) Growth in length
b) Aging and deterioration of cells
c) Germination of seeds
d) Tropic movements
Answer: b) Aging and deterioration of cells

8 Assertion-Reason Questions: Plant Growth and Development

Instructions:
For each question, choose the correct option:

A: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C: A is true, R is false.
D: A is false, R is true.

Question 1

Assertion (A): Apical meristem is responsible for the elongation of shoots and roots.
Reason (R): Apical meristem cells actively divide and differentiate to form new tissues.
Answer: A – Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Question 2

Assertion (A): Gibberellins promote seed germination and stem elongation.
Reason (R): Gibberellins inhibit cell division in meristematic regions.
Answer: C – A is true, R is false.

Question 3

Assertion (A): Cytokinins delay leaf senescence.
Reason (R): Cytokinins stimulate cell division and protein synthesis in leaves.
Answer: A – Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Question 4

Assertion (A): Short-day plants flower when day length is more than the critical photoperiod.
Reason (R): Photoperiodism regulates flowering in response to light and dark periods.
Answer: D – A is false, R is true.

Question 5

Assertion (A): Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy and inhibits growth.
Reason (R): ABA activates gibberellin synthesis in seeds.
Answer: C – A is true, R is false.

Question 6

Assertion (A): Epigeal germination is observed when cotyledons come above the soil.
Reason (R): Cotyledons remain underground during epigeal germination.
Answer: C – A is true, R is false.

Question 7

Assertion (A): Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and leaf abscission.
Reason (R): Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that triggers enzymatic changes in plant tissues.
Answer: A – Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.

Question 8

Assertion (A): Phototropism ensures optimal light capture for photosynthesis.
Reason (R): Phototropism is growth in response to gravity.
Answer: C – A is true, R is false.

Absolutely! Here’s a Class 11 Biology sample paper on Plant Growth and Development, exam-oriented, WordPress-ready, and SEO-friendly. I’ve included Section A, B, and C with MCQs, short and long answers, and A/R questions to match NCERT exam style.

Sample Question Paper: Plant Growth and Development

Time: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70

Instructions:

All questions are compulsory.
Draw diagrams wherever necessary.
Use scientific terms wherever applicable.

Section A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

Define growth in plants.
What is differentiation in plant cells?
Name any two types of meristems.
Define photoperiodism.
What is vernalization?
Give one example of a short-day plant.
Name the hormone that promotes fruit ripening.
Differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination.
Define tropism.
What is senescence?

Section B: Short Answer Questions (2–3 marks each)

Mention three roles of auxins in plant growth.
Explain the three phases of plant growth.
What is the function of cytokinins in plants?
Differentiate between primary and secondary growth.
Describe the role of gibberellins in seed germination.
Explain the significance of intercalary meristem in monocots.
Give one example each of short-day, long-day, and day-neutral plants.
Write any two functions of abscisic acid.
Explain phototropism with one example.
Define tropic movements and give two examples.

Section C: Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

Draw a labeled diagram of a plant showing apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems.
Explain the role of hormones in plant growth and development with examples.
Describe seed germination in detail, mentioning epigeal and hypogeal types.
Explain photoperiodism and vernalization and their importance in agriculture.
Describe senescence and abscission, and mention the hormonal regulation of these processes.

Section D: Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

Apical meristem is responsible for:
a) Thickness of stem
b) Length of plant
c) Leaf senescence
d) Flower abscission
Answer: b
Lateral meristem is also called:
a) Cork cambium
b) Apical meristem
c) Intercalary meristem
d) Root cap
Answer: a
Gibberellins promote:
a) Dormancy
b) Fruit ripening
c) Stem elongation
d) Leaf abscission
Answer: c
Cytokinins delay:
a) Flowering
b) Leaf senescence
c) Germination
d) Tropism
Answer: b
Ethylene regulates:
a) Leaf fall
b) Seed germination
c) Stem growth
d) Photosynthesis
Answer: a

(MCQs 31–40 can follow the same pattern, covering meristems, photoperiodism, tropisms, vernalization, ABA, and germination.)

Section E: Assertion-Reason Questions (2 marks each)

Assertion (A): Apical meristem is responsible for elongation of roots and shoots.
Reason (R): Apical meristem cells actively divide and differentiate to form new tissues.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Cytokinins delay leaf senescence.
Reason (R): Cytokinins stimulate cell division and protein synthesis.
Answer: A
Assertion (A): Short-day plants flower when day length is long.
Reason (R): Photoperiodism regulates flowering in response to day length.
Answer: D
Assertion (A): Ethylene regulates fruit ripening.
Reason (R): Ethylene triggers enzymatic changes in plant tissues.
Answer: A

Below is the complete solution set for the Class 11 Biology Sample Paper: Plant Growth and Development. Answers are written in an exam-oriented, NCERT-based format suitable for board exams and quick revision.

Solution: Sample Paper