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Easy notes on Biotechnology and Its Applications with summary, MCQs, questions, keywords.
Introduction of the Chapter
The chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications explores how modern biotechnology is used to improve agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental management. Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms, cells, or biomolecules to develop useful products and processes that benefit society.
With advancements in genetic engineering and molecular biology, biotechnology has led to the production of genetically modified crops, recombinant medicines, vaccines, and gene therapies. This chapter helps students understand how biotechnology solves real-world problems such as food shortages, disease control, and environmental pollution.
Understanding Biotechnology and Its Applications is essential for board exams, competitive exams, and awareness of modern scientific developments.
Short Notes
- Biotechnology uses living organisms to produce useful products.
- Genetic engineering allows modification of DNA.
- Recombinant DNA technology produces useful proteins.
- Bt cotton is genetically modified to resist insect pests.
- Golden rice is enriched with vitamin A.
- Insulin is produced using recombinant DNA technology.
- Gene therapy treats genetic disorders.
- PCR helps amplify DNA.
- Transgenic animals help in research and medicine.
- Bioremediation uses microbes to clean pollutants.
Detailed Summary
The chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications explains how biotechnology is applied in agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental protection. Biotechnology integrates biology, genetics, and technology to develop useful products that improve human life.
Biotechnology in Agriculture
Agricultural biotechnology focuses on improving crop yield, resistance to pests, tolerance to environmental stress, and nutritional quality.
Genetically Modified Crops (GM Crops)
GM crops are plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering to express desirable traits.
Bt Cotton Bt cotton contains a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that produces a toxin harmful to insect pests such as bollworms. This reduces the need for chemical pesticides and increases crop yield.
Benefits of GM Crops
- Increased productivity
- Pest resistance
- Reduced pesticide use
- Improved nutritional value
- Tolerance to drought and salinity
Golden Rice Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It helps prevent vitamin A deficiency, especially in developing countries.
Biotechnology in Medicine
Biotechnology has revolutionized healthcare through the production of recombinant drugs, vaccines, and gene therapy.
Recombinant DNA Technology in Medicine
Production of Insulin Previously, insulin was extracted from animal pancreas. Now, human insulin is produced using recombinant DNA technology by inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria such as Escherichia coli. This produces safe and effective insulin for diabetic patients.
Recombinant Vaccines Biotechnology has enabled the development of safer vaccines such as the hepatitis B vaccine using genetically engineered yeast cells.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy involves inserting a normal functional gene into a patient’s cells to correct a genetic disorder.
Example: Treatment of ADA (adenosine deaminase) deficiency, a genetic immune disorder.
Molecular Diagnosis
Biotechnology allows early detection of diseases using molecular tools.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) PCR amplifies DNA segments and helps detect pathogens, genetic mutations, and infections at early stages.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Used to detect antibodies or antigens in diseases such as HIV.
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals are genetically modified animals that carry foreign genes inserted into their genome.
Applications
- Study gene function
- Production of therapeutic proteins
- Testing vaccine safety
- Studing disease development
Example: Transgenic mice used in cancer research.
Biotechnology in Environmental Protection
Biotechnology helps reduce environmental pollution through biological methods.
Bioremediation Use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants such as oil spills and toxic wastes.
Sewage Treatment Microbes break down organic waste and purify water.
Biofertilizers Microorganisms enhance soil fertility.
Biopesticides Environment-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.
Ethical Issues and Biosafety
Biotechnology raises ethical concerns regarding genetic modification, cloning, and environmental impact.
Biosafety Measures
- Regulation of GM organisms
- Risk assessment before release
- Monitoring environmental impact
Understanding ethical and safety considerations is essential for responsible use of biotechnology.
The chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications highlights the immense potential of biotechnology in solving global challenges related to food, health, and environment.
Flowchart / Mind Map
Biotechnology Applications
→ Agriculture
→ GM Crops
→ Bt Cotton
→ Golden Rice
→ Medicine
→ Recombinant Insulin
→ Vaccines
→ Gene Therapy
→ PCR & ELISA
→ Transgenic Animals
→ Research
→ Drug production
→ Environment
→ Bioremediation
→ Biofertilizers
→ Biopesticides
→ Biosafety & Ethics
Important Keywords with Meanings
Biotechnology – Use of organisms to develop useful products.
Genetic Engineering – Modification of DNA to introduce new traits.
Recombinant DNA – DNA formed by combining genes from different organisms.
GM Crops – Crosp genetically modified for desirable traits.
Bt Cotton – Pest-resistant genetically modified cotton.
Golden Rice – Vitamin A enriched rice.
Gene Therapy – Treatment by replacing defective genes.
PCR – Technique to amplify DNA.
ELISA – Test to detect antigens or antibodies.
Transgenic Animals – Animals with inserted foreign genes.
Bioremediation – Use of microbes to clean pollutants.
Biofertilizers – Microbes improving soil fertility.
Biopesticides – Biological pest control agents.
ADA Deficiency – Genetic immune disorder.
Biosafety – Safe use of biotechnology.
Important Questions & Answers
Short Answer Questions
- What is biotechnology?
Use of living organisms to produce useful products. - What is a GM crop?
A crop with modified DNA for desirable traits. - Which bacterium provides the Bt gene?
Bacillus thuringiensis. - What is gene therapy?
Insertion of functional genes to treat disorders. - What is PCR used for?
Amplifying DNA. - Name one recombinant drug.
Insulin. - What is ELISA used for?
Disease detection. - Define transgenic animals.
Animals with foreign genes inserted. - What is bioremediation?
Use of microbes to clean pollutants. - What is Golden rice?
Vitamin A enriched genetically modified rice.
Long Answer Questions
- Explain applications of biotechnology in agriculture.
(Discuss GM crops, Bt cotton, Golden rice.) - Describe production of recombinant insulin.
(Human gene inserted into bacteria.) - Explain gene therapy with example.
(ADA deficiency treatment.) - Describe PCR and its applications.
(Disease detection, forensic science.) - Discuss transgenic animals and their uses.
- Explain molecular diagnosis techniques.
- Write about environmental applications of biotechnology.
- Discuss ethical issues in biotechnology.
- Explain benefits and risks of GM crops.
- Describe recombinant vaccines and their importance.
30 MCQs with Answers
- Bt toxin gene comes from
A. Virus
B. Fungus
C. Bacterium ✔
D. Algae - Bt cotton resists
A. Fungi
B. Insects ✔
C. Virus
D. Bacteria - Golden rice contains
A. Iron
B. Vitamin C
C. Beta-carotene ✔
D. Protein - Insulin is produced using
A. PCR
B. Recombinant DNA ✔
C. Cloning
D. Mutation - PCR amplifies
A. Protein
B. DNA ✔
C. Lipids
D. Sugar - ELISA detects
A. DNA
B. Hormones
C. Antigens ✔
D. Enzymes - ADA deficiency affects
A. Digestion
B. Immunity ✔
C. Vision
D. Respiration - Transgenic animals contain
A. Mutations
B. Foreign genes ✔
C. Viruses
D. Bacteria - Bioremediation uses
A. Chemicals
B. Microbes ✔
C. Machines
D. Heat - Biofertilizers improve
A. Air
B. Soil fertility ✔
C. Water
D. Temperature
(Continue pattern)
- Biotechnology combines biology and technology ✔
- Bt toxin kills insect larvae ✔
- PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction ✔
- Gene therapy replaces defective genes ✔
- Recombinant vaccines are safer ✔
- Transgenic mice used in research ✔
- GM crops increase yield ✔
- Biopesticides are eco-friendly ✔
- Golden rice prevents vitamin A deficiency ✔
- Recombinant insulin is safe ✔
- Biosafety ensures safe use ✔
- ELISA detects HIV ✔
- Bioremediation reduces pollution ✔
- PCR used in forensics ✔
- Bt protein is toxic to pests ✔
- Gene therapy treats genetic disorders ✔
- Biofertilizers reduce chemical use ✔
- GM crops resist stress ✔
- Vaccines stimulate immunity ✔
- Biotechnology improves health ✔
Exam Tips & Value-Based Questions
Exam Tips
- Learn examples: Bt cotton, Golden rice, insulin.
- Understand gene therapy and PCR.
- Revise applications in agriculture and medicine.
- Prepare advantages and risks of GM crops.
- Practice diagram-based questions.
Value-Based Questions
- Why are GM crops useful for farmers?
They increase yield and reduce pesticide use. - Why is recombinant insulin preferred?
It is safe and identical to human insulin. - How does biotechnology help the environment?
By reducing pollution through bioremediation. - Why is early disease detection important?
It allows timely treatment and prevention. - Why should biosafety regulations be followed?
To prevent environmental and health risks.
Conclusion
The chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications highlights one of the most transformative fields of modern science. Biotechnology combines biological systems with technological advancements to develop products and processes that improve human life. From agriculture to medicine and environmental protection, biotechnology has become an essential tool for addressing global challenges.
One of the most important areas discussed in Biotechnology and Its Applications is agricultural biotechnology. With the increasing global population and decreasing agricultural land, improving crop productivity is essential. Genetically modified crops have emerged as a powerful solution. Crops like Bt cotton contain genes that provide resistance against insect pests, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. This not only increases crop yield but also reduces environmental pollution. Similarly, Golden rice has been developed to combat vitamin A deficiency by enriching the crop with beta-carotene. Such innovations demonstrate how biotechnology can address nutritional deficiencies and food security issues.
In medicine, biotechnology has revolutionized disease treatment and prevention. The production of recombinant insulin marked a major breakthrough in medical biotechnology. Earlier, insulin extracted from animals posed risks of allergic reactions. With recombinant DNA technology, human insulin can now be produced safely using bacteria, ensuring a consistent and pure supply for diabetic patients. Biotechnology has also enabled the development of recombinant vaccines that are safer and more effective. The hepatitis B vaccine is a prime example of this advancement.
Gene therapy represents another revolutionary application described in Biotechnology and Its Applications. Genetic disorders occur due to defective genes, and gene therapy aims to correct these defects by inserting functional genes into a patient’s cells. Although still developing, gene therapy has shown promise in treating conditions such as ADA deficiency. This approach provides hope for treating many inherited diseases in the future.
Early disease detection is another major benefit of biotechnology. Molecular diagnostic tools like PCR and ELISA allow early detection of pathogens and genetic disorders. PCR amplifies DNA, making it possible to detect infections even when pathogens are present in very small amounts. ELISA helps detect antigens and antibodies, making it useful in diagnosing diseases such as HIV. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes and helps prevent disease spread.
The chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications also discusses transgenic animals, which are genetically modified to carry foreign genes. These animals are valuable in scientific research because they help scientists understand gene function and disease mechanisms. Transgenic animals are also used to produce therapeutic proteins and test vaccine safety before human use.
Environmental biotechnology is another important aspect covered in Biotechnology and Its Applications. Environmental pollution is a growing concern, and biotechnology offers eco-friendly solutions. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down pollutants such as oil spills and toxic wastes. Biofertilizers and biopesticides reduce reliance on harmful chemicals, promoting sustainable agriculture and protecting ecosystems.
Despite its benefits, biotechnology raises ethical and safety concerns. The release of genetically modified organisms into the environment must be carefully regulated to prevent unintended ecological effects. Biosafety regulations ensure that biotechnology products are safe for human health and the environment. Ethical considerations are essential to ensure responsible use of biotechnology.
For students, Biotechnology and Its Applications is an important chapter for board exams and competitive entrance tests. Questions frequently focus on genetically modified crops, recombinant insulin production, gene therapy, PCR, and environmental applications. Understanding the advantages and potential risks of biotechnology helps students develop a balanced perspective.
Biotechnology continues to evolve rapidly, offering solutions to some of humanity’s greatest challenges, including food security, disease management, and environmental sustainability. By understanding Biotechnology and Its Applications, students gain insight into how science can be applied to improve quality of life and promote sustainable development.
In conclusion, Biotechnology and Its Applications demonstrates the immense potential of modern science to transform agriculture, healthcare, and environmental management. It emphasizes innovation, responsibility, and sustainability. A thorough understanding of this chapter not only helps in academic success but also fosters awareness about the role of biotechnology in shaping a better future for humanity.
Below is a Sample Question Paper from the chapter Biotechnology and Its Applications (Class 12 Biology) prepared according to CBSE/NCERT exam patterns. It is suitable for school exams, board preparation, and competitive exams.
Sample Question Paper
Chapter: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Time: 1 Hour
Maximum Marks: 35
Section A: Very Short Answer (1 Mark each)
1. Define biotechnology.
2. What is a genetically modified (GM) crop?
3. Name the bacterium that provides the Bt gene.
4. What is PCR used for?
5. Name the vitamin enriched in Golden rice.
Section B: Short Answer Questions (2 Marks each)
6. Write two advantages of Bt cotton.
7. What is gene therapy?
8. Define recombinant DNA technology.
9. What is ELISA used for?
10. Name two applications of transgenic animals.
Section C: Short Answer (3 Marks each)
11. Explain how recombinant insulin is produced.
12. Describe the importance of Golden rice.
13. What is bioremediation? Give one example.
14. Explain the role of PCR in disease diagnosis.
Section D: Long Answer Questions (5 Marks each)
15. Describe the applications of biotechnology in agriculture.
OR
Explain the production and benefits of Bt crops.
16. Discuss the role of biotechnology in medicine.
Section E: Case-Based Question (5 Marks)
A farmer plants Bt cotton in his field. After harvest, he observes reduced pest damage and increased yield compared to previous years.
a. What does “Bt” stand for?
b. Which organism provides the Bt gene?
c. How does Bt cotton resist insect pests?
d. Mention one environmental benefit of Bt cotton.
e. Why does Bt cotton reduce pesticide use?
Section F: Assertion–Reason (1 Mark each)
Choose the correct option:
A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation.
C. Assertion is true, Reason is false.
D. Assertion is false, Reason is true.
17.
Assertion: Golden rice helps prevent vitamin A deficiency.
Reason: It produces beta-carotene in the edible part.
18.
Assertion: PCR is used to amplify DNA.
Reason: PCR produces multiple copies of DNA.
Solution 💫
Section A: Very Short Answer
1. Define biotechnology.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, cells, or biomolecules to develop useful products and processes that benefit humans.
2. What is a genetically modified (GM) crop?
A genetically modified crop is a plant whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering to introduce desirable traits such as pest resistance or improved nutrition.
3. Name the bacterium that provides the Bt gene.
The Bt gene is obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis.
4. What is PCR used for?
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is used to amplify small segments of DNA to produce millions of copies.
5. Name the vitamin enriched in Golden rice.
Golden rice is enriched with beta-carotene, which is converted into Vitamin A in the body.
Section B: Short Answer Questions
6. Write two advantages of Bt cotton.
- Provides resistance against insect pests such as bollworms.
- Reduces the need for chemical pesticides.
7. What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is a technique used to treat genetic disorders by inserting a functional gene into a patient’s cells to replace a defective gene.
8. Define recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different organisms to produce new genetic combinations for useful purposes.
9. What is ELISA used for?
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is used to detect antigens or antibodies in blood, helping diagnose diseases such as HIV.
10. Name two applications of transgenic animals.
- Studying gene function and disease development.
- Production of therapeutic proteins and testing vaccine safety.
Section C: Short Answer (3 Marks)
11. Explain how recombinant insulin is produced.
The human insulin gene is isolated and inserted into bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli using recombinant DNA technology. These bacteria multiply and produce insulin, which is purified and used for treating diabetes. This insulin is safe and identical to natural human insulin.
12. Describe the importance of Golden rice.
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in its grains. Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body. It helps prevent vitamin A deficiency, which can cause blindness and weakened immunity.
13. What is bioremediation? Give one example.
Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants.
Example: Bacteria used to clean oil spills.
14. Explain the role of PCR in disease diagnosis.
PCR amplifies DNA of pathogens present in small amounts, allowing early detection of diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, and genetic disorders. Early diagnosis helps timely treatment.
Section D: Long Answer Questions
15. Describe the applications of biotechnology in agriculture.
Biotechnology plays a vital role in improving agricultural productivity and quality.
Genetically Modified Crops
- Crops are modified to resist pests, diseases, and environmental stress.
- Example: Bt cotton resists insect pests.
Improved Nutritional Quality
- Golden rice contains beta-carotene to prevent vitamin A deficiency.
Tolerance to Environmental Stress
- Crops can be engineered to tolerate drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures.
Reduced Chemical Use
- Pest-resistant crops reduce pesticide use, protecting the environment.
Increased Crop Yield
- Biotechnology improves productivity and food security.
OR
Explain the production and benefits of Bt crops.
Bt crops contain a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a toxin harmful to insect pests. When insects feed on the plant, the toxin destroys their gut lining, killing them.
Benefits:
- Pest resistance
- Reduced pesticide use
- Higher crop yield
- Environment-friendly farming
16. Discuss the role of biotechnology in medicine.
Biotechnology has transformed modern medicine.
Recombinant Medicines
- Human insulin produced using bacteria.
- Safe and effective treatment for diabetes.
Vaccines
- Recombinant vaccines such as hepatitis B vaccine are safer.
Gene Therapy
- Treats genetic disorders by replacing defective genes.
- Example: ADA deficiency treatment.
Molecular Diagnosis
- PCR detects pathogens early.
- ELISA detects antigens and antibodies.
Biotechnology improves disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Section E: Case-Based Question
a. What does “Bt” stand for?
Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis.
b. Which organism provides the Bt gene?
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.
c. How does Bt cotton resist insect pests?
It produces Bt toxin that destroys the gut lining of insect larvae, killing them.
d. Mention one environmental benefit of Bt cotton.
Reduced use of chemical pesticides.
e. Why does Bt cotton reduce pesticide use?
Because the plant itself produces toxin that kills pests.
Section F: Assertion–Reason
17. Assertion: Golden rice helps prevent vitamin A deficiency.
Reason: It produces beta-carotene in the edible part.
✔ Both statements are true and the reason correctly explains the assertion.
Answer: A
18. Assertion: PCR is used to amplify DNA.
Reason: PCR produces multiple copies of DNA.
✔ Both statements are true and the reason correctly explains the assertion.
Answer: A
Easy And Important Assertion Reason
Directions:
Choose the correct option:
A. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation.
B. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation.
C. Assertion is true, Reason is false.
D. Assertion is false, Reason is true.
1.
Assertion: Recombinant insulin is safer than animal insulin.
Reason: Recombinant insulin is produced using human insulin gene in bacteria.
Answer: A
Explanation: The assertion is true because recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin and reduces allergic reactions. The reason explains why it is safer.
2.
Assertion: Bt cotton reduces pesticide use.
Reason: It produces a toxin that kills insect pests.
Answer: A
Explanation: Bt cotton contains the Bt gene that produces a protein toxic to insects. This is the correct reason why pesticide use decreases.
3.
Assertion: Golden rice prevents vitamin A deficiency.
Reason: Beta-carotene in rice is converted to vitamin A in the human body.
Answer: A
Explanation: The assertion is correct; beta-carotene in golden rice addresses vitamin A deficiency, and the reason directly explains this.
4.
Assertion: Gene therapy can cure genetic disorders.
Reason: Gene therapy replaces defective genes with normal functional genes.
Answer: A
Explanation: Both statements are true and the reason correctly explains the assertion.
5.
Assertion: PCR is useful in forensic science.
Reason: PCR can amplify very small DNA samples.
Answer: A
Explanation: PCR’s ability to amplify DNA makes it valuable in forensic investigations.
6.
Assertion: Bioremediation helps in cleaning polluted environments.
Reason: Microorganisms can degrade toxic pollutants.
Answer: A
Explanation: Microbes metabolize or detoxify harmful substances, which is the correct explanation.
7.
Assertion: Transgenic animals are used to produce therapeutic proteins.
Reason: They carry foreign genes that express these proteins.
Answer: A
Explanation: The presence of foreign genes allows transgenic animals to produce proteins for medical use, explaining the assertion.
8.
Assertion: Recombinant vaccines are safer than conventional vaccines.
Reason: They use only the antigenic portion of a pathogen, not the whole organism.
Answer: A
Explanation: Recombinant vaccines avoid the risk of infection because they contain only the pathogen’s protein, not live organisms.
9.
Assertion: Biofertilizers improve soil fertility.
Reason: They fix nitrogen or solubilize minerals for plant use.
Answer: A
Explanation: Biofertilizers provide nutrients naturally, which directly explains the improvement in soil fertility.
10.
Assertion: Biotechnology reduces dependence on chemical pesticides.
Reason: GM crops like Bt cotton have built-in pest resistance.
Answer: A
Explanation: The reason directly supports the assertion, showing how biotechnology reduces pesticide use.
Multiple Choice Questions
1–30 MCQs
1. Which microorganism is used for producing recombinant insulin?
A. Bacillus thuringiensis
B. Escherichia coli ✔
C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
D. Streptococcus
2. Bt toxin kills:
A. Fungi
B. Insect larvae ✔
C. Viruses
D. Weeds
3. Golden rice is enriched with:
A. Iron
B. Vitamin A ✔
C. Vitamin C
D. Calcium
4. Recombinant DNA is formed by:
A. Combining DNA from different sources ✔
B. Mutation
C. Cloning
D. PCR
5. Gene therapy is primarily used for:
A. Infectious diseases
B. Genetic disorders ✔
C. Cancer only
D. Diabetes
6. PCR helps in:
A. DNA amplification ✔
B. Protein synthesis
C. RNA transcription
D. Blood grouping
7. ELISA is used for detecting:
A. Lipids
B. Antigens or antibodies ✔
C. DNA
D. Carbohydrates
8. Which of the following is a GM crop?
A. Wheat
B. Bt cotton ✔
C. Rice (ordinary)
D. Tomato
9. Recombinant vaccines are safer because:
A. They contain live pathogens
B. They use only antigenic parts ✔
C. They are chemical-based
D. They are synthetic only
10. Bioremediation involves:
A. Chemicals
B. Microbes ✔
C. Machines
D. Heat
11. Transgenic animals are used to:
A. Produce therapeutic proteins ✔
B. Increase crop yield
C. Make pesticides
D. Purify water
12. Bt gene comes from:
A. Escherichia coli
B. Bacillus thuringiensis ✔
C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
D. Rhizobium
13. Beta-carotene is a precursor of:
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin A ✔
D. Vitamin K
14. Recombinant insulin is produced using:
A. Yeast
B. Bacteria ✔
C. Plants
D. Viruses
15. Biofertilizers help by:
A. Killing pests
B. Fixing nitrogen ✔
C. Producing pesticides
D. Increasing soil acidity
16. Biopesticides are:
A. Chemical pesticides
B. Biological agents ✔
C. Inorganic salts
D. Synthetic compounds
17. ADA deficiency can be treated by:
A. PCR
B. ELISA
C. Gene therapy ✔
D. Recombinant insulin
18. Which is used in forensic DNA fingerprinting?
A. PCR ✔
B. ELISA
C. Gene therapy
D. Bt cotton
19. Transgenic mice are used for:
A. Vaccine production
B. Studying gene function ✔
C. Producing insulin
D. Cleaning oil spills
20. Recombinant DNA technology helps in:
A. Food preservation
B. Producing new genetic combinations ✔
C. Soil fertilization
D. Composting
21. Which is a vitamin-A enriched crop?
A. Bt cotton
B. Golden rice ✔
C. Soybean
D. Maize
22. Biotechnology improves agriculture by:
A. Reducing crop yield
B. Increasing productivity ✔
C. Killing soil microbes
D. Reducing water absorption
23. Microbes used in bioremediation degrade:
A. Organic pollutants ✔
B. Inorganic salts
C. Water molecules
D. Oxygen
24. Insulin produced from bacteria is:
A. Allergenic
B. Human insulin ✔
C. Plant insulin
D. Animal insulin
25. ELISA is widely used in:
A. Agriculture
B. Medical diagnostics ✔
C. Bioremediation
D. Gene therapy
26. Which of the following is a recombinant vaccine?
A. Polio (oral)
B. Hepatitis B ✔
C. Smallpox
D. Tetanus
27. PCR is used for:
A. Cloning animals
B. DNA amplification ✔
C. Protein purification
D. Soil fertility
28. GM crops help in:
A. Pest resistance ✔
B. Increasing water toxicity
C. Reducing sunlight
D. Increasing soil erosion
29. Biotechnology in environment helps by:
A. Increasing chemical pesticide use
B. Reducing pollution ✔
C. Reducing crop yield
D. Eliminating microbes
30. Transgenic animals help in:
A. Environmental cleanup
B. Biomedical research ✔
C. Food preservation
D. Vitamin A production
✅ Answer Key:
- B
- B
- B
- A
- B
- A
- B
- B
- B
- B
- A
- B
- C
- B
- B
- B
- C
- A
- B
- B
- B
- B
- A
- B
- B
- B
- B
- A
- B
- B
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